1. Aalberg, T., Esser, F., Reinemann, C., Stromback, J., De Vreese, C. 2016. Populist political communication in Europe. Abingdon: Routledge.
2. Alternative fur Deutschland. 2017. Programm für Deutschland. Wahlprogramm der Alternative für Deutschland für die Wahl zum Deutschen Bundestag am 24. September 2017. <https://www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2017/06/2017-06-01_
3. AfD-Bundestagswahlprogramm_Onlinefassung.pdf>.
4. Akkerman, T. 2015. "Immigration policy and electoral competition in Western Europe: A fine-grained analysis of party positions over the past two decades". Party Politics 21 (1): 54-67.
5. Akkerman, T., de Lange, S., Rooduijn, M. 2016. "Inclusion and mainstreaming: Radical right-wing populist parties in the new millennium". In Radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe: Into the mainstream?, edited by T. Akkerman, S. de Lange, L.
6. Albertazzi, D., McDonnell, D. 2015. Populists in power. Abingdon: Routledge.
7. Alonso, S., Rovira Kaltwasser, C. 2015. "Spain: No Country for the Populist Radical Right?". South European Society and Politics 20 (1): 21-45.
8. Amann, M. 2017. Angst für Deutschland: Die Wahrheit über die AfD: wo sie herkommt, wer sie führt, wohin sie steuert. Munchen: Droemer.
9. Arzheimer, K e Carter, E. 2006. "Political opportunity structures and right-wing extremist party success". European Journal of Political Research 45: 419-43.
10. Arzheimer, K. 2009. "Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe 1980-2002". American Journal of Political Science, 53 (2): 259-75.
11. Batsaikhan, U., Darvas, Z., Raposo, I.G. et al. 2018. "People on the move. Migration and Mobility in the European Union". Blueprint Series 28, Brussels. <http:// bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/People_on_the_move_ONLINE. pdf> (2019-08-20).
12. Belafi, M. 2017. "Der Erfolg der FPO: Osterreichs Parteien- und Regierungssystem unter Druck". ZfP Zeitschrift für Politik 64 (3): 364-83.
13. Berbuir, N., Lewandowsky, M., Siri, L. 2015. "The AfD and its Sympathisers: Finally a Right-Wing Populist Movement in Germany?". German Politics 24 (2): 154-78.
14. Betz, H.G. 2019. "Saviours of the nation? - on the breakthrough of the radical populist right in Spain". Open Democracy, 7 maggio, 2019. <https://www.opendemocracy. net/en/can-europe-make-it/saviours-of-the-nation-on-the-breakthrough-of-theradical- populi
15. Biorcio, R. 1991. "La Lega Lombarda come attore politico: dal federalismo al populismo regionalista". In La Lega Lombarda, a cura di R. Mannheimer, 34-82. Milano: Feltrinelli.
16. Biorcio, R. 1997. La Padania promessa. La storia, le idee e la logica d'azione della Lega Nord. Milano: Il Saggiatore.
17. Biorcio, R. 2010. La rivincita del Nord. La Lega dalla contestazione al governo. Roma- Bari: Laterza.
18. Bosco, A. 2018. Le quattro crisi della Spagna. Bologna: Il Mulino.
19. Braun, D., Popa, S.A., Schmitt, H. 2019. "Responding to the crisis: Eurosceptic parties of the left and right and their changing position towards the European Union". European Journal of Political Research 58 (3): 797-819.
20. Butterwege, C., Hentges, G., Wiegel, G. 2018. Rechtspopulisten im Parlament: Polemik, Agitation und Propaganda der AfD. Frankfurt am Main: Wesend.
21. Caiani, M., Graziano, P. 2019. "Understanding varieties of populism in times of crisis". West European Politics 42 (6): 1141-58.
22. Castelli Gattinara, P., Morales, L. 2017. "The politicization and securitization of migration Western Europe: public opinion, political parties and the immigration issue". In Handbook on Migration and Security, edited by P. Bourbeau, 253-72. Chetenham Glo
23. Chiapponi, F. 2017. Democrazia, populismo, leadership: il MoVimento 5 Stelle. Novi Ligure: Epoke.
24. Decker, F. 2015. "Rechts in der Mitte? AfD, Pegida und die Verschiebung der parteipolitischen Mitte". Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 4: 1-3.
25. Decker, F. 2016. "The "Alternative for Germany:" Factors Behind its Emergence and Profile of a New Right-wing Populist Party". German Politics and Society 119 (34): 1-16.
26. Decker, F., Dorf, P. 2018. "Coalition Politics in Crisis?: The German Party System Before and After the 2017 Federal Election". German Politics and Society 36 (2): 5-26.
27. Decker, F., Hartleb, F. 2007. "Populism on Difficult Terrain: The Right- and Left-Wing Challenger Parties in the Federal Republic of Germany". German Politics 16 (4): 434-54.
28. Del Vigo, F.M., Ferrara, D. 2015. Il metodo Salvini. Milano: Sperling & Kupfer.
29. Diamanti, I. 1993. La Lega. Geografia, storia e sociologia di un nuovo soggetto politico. Roma: Donzelli Editore.
30. Dilling, M. 2018. "Two of the Same Kind? The Rise of the AfD and Its Implications for the CDU/CSU". German Politics and Society 36 (1): 84-104.
31. Drakos, K., Kallandranis, C., Karidis, S. 2019. "Determinants of Trust in Institutions in Times of Crisis: Survey-based evidence from the European Union". Journal of Common Market Studies 57(6): 1228-46.  DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12884
32. Duncan, F. 2010. "Immigration and integration policy and the Austrian radical right in office: the FPO/BZO, 2000-2006". Contemporary Politics 16(4): 337-54. DOI: 10.1080/13569775.2010.523935
33. Ellinas, A. 2010. The Media and the Far Right in Western Europe: Playing the Nationalist Card. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Eurostat. 2018. "Asylum Statistics". <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/ index.php/Asylum_statistics#Citizenship_of_first-time_applicants:_ largest_shares_from_Syria.2C_Afghanistan_and_Iraq> (2019-08-20).
35. Foa, R.S., Mounk, Y. 2016. "The Democratic Disconnect". Journal of Democracy 27 (3): 5-17.
36. Forchtner, B., Krzy?anowski, M., Wodak, R. 2013. "Mediatisation, right-wing populism and political campaigning: the case of theAustrian Freedom Party (FPO)". In Media Talk and Political Elections in Europe and America, a cura di A. Tolson e M. Ekstrom, 20
37. Forte, F. 2019. "Migration figures of Spain from 2010 to 2017". Statista. <https://www. statista.com/statistics/445930/migration-flow-in-spain/> (2019-08-20).
38. Forza Italia. 2018. Un programma per l'Italia, per la crescita, la sicurezza, le famiglie e la piena occupazione. <http://www.forza-italia.it/speciali/Programma_centrodestra_ condiviso_10_PUNTI.pdf> (2019-08-20).
39. FPÖ. 2017. Freiheitliches Wahlprogramm zur Nationalratswahl 2017, https://www. fpoe.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Wahlprogramm_8_9_low.pdf.
40. Fragapane, S., Minaldi, G. 2018. "Migration policies and digital technologies in Europe: a comparison between Italy and Spain". Journal of European Integration 40 (7): 905-21.
41. Franzmann, S.T. 2014. "Die Wahlprogrammatik der AfD in vergleichender Perspektive". Mitteilungen des Instituts für Parteienrecht und Parteienforschung 20 (1): 115-24.
42. Golder, M. 2016, Far Right Parties in Europe, ?Annual Review of Political Science?,19(1): 477-97.
43. Goncalves Raposo I. 2018. "Immigration: The doors of perception". Bruegel.org, 12 dicembre, 2018. <https://bruegel.org/2018/12/immigration-the-doors-ofperception/> (2019-08-20).
44. Grittersova, J., Indridason, I.H., Gregory, C.C., Crespo, R. 2016. "Austerity and Niche Parties: The Electoral Consequences of Fiscal Reforms". Electoral Studies 42: 276-89.
45. Guia, A. 2016. "The Concept of Nativism and Anti-Immigrant Sentiments in Europe". MWP 2016/20-Max Weber Programme, European Union Institute. <https://cadmus. eui.eu/handle/1814/43429> (2019-08-20).
46. Hansen, M.A., Olsen, J. 2018. "Flesh of the Same Flesh: A Study of Voters for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the 2017 Federal Election". German Politics 28 (1): 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/09644008.2018.1509312
47. Heinisch, R. 2008. "Austria: The Structure and Agency of Austrian Populism". In Twenty-First Century, Populism. The Spectre of Western European Democracy, edited by D. Albertazzi, D. McDonnell, 67-83. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan.
48. Heinisch, R., Hauser, K. 2015. "Rechtspopulismus in Osterreich: Die Freiheitliche Partei Osterreichs". In Rechtspopulismus und Rchtsextremismus in Europa, a cura di. F. Decker, B. Henningsen, K. Jakobsen, 91-110. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.
49. Hobelt, L. 2003. Defiant Populist, Jörg Haider and the Politics of Austria. West Lafayette: Purdue University.
50. Ignazi, P. 2017. Party and Democracy: The Uneven Road to Party Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. il Post. 2018. "I passeggeri dell'Aquarius verranno portati a Valencia con navi italiane". il Post, 12 giugno, 2018. <https://www.ilpost.it/2018/06/12/aquarius-nave-migrantispagna/> (2019-08-20).
52. Ivarsf laten, E. 2008. "What unites right-wing populists in Western Europe? Reexamining grievance mobilization models in seven successful cases". Comparative Political Studies 41 (1): 3-23.
53. Keeley, G. 2018. "How Spain became the new centre of Europe's migrant crisis". The Times, 3 agosto, 2018, <www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-spain-became-thenewcentre- of-europe-s-migrant-crisis-wfdsq9s65> (2019-08-20).
54. Kitschelt, H., Mc Gann, A.1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
55. Krzyzanowski, M. 2013. "From anti-immigration and nationalist revisionism to Islamophobia: Continuities and shifts in recent discourses and patterns of political communication of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO)". In Right-wing populism in Europe. Polit
56. Krzy?anowski, M., Triandafyllidou, A., Wodak, R. 2018. "The Mediatization and the Politicization of the "Refugee Crisis" in Europe". Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16 (1-2): 1-14.
57. Krzy?anowski, M., Wodak, R. 2009. The Politics of Exclusion. Debating Migration in Austria. New Brunswick: Transaction.
58. Kupper, B., Rees, J., Zick, A. 2016. "Gefluchtete in der Zerreisprobe - Meinungen über Fluchtlinge in der Mehrheitsvebevolkerung". In Gespaltene Mitte, Feindselige Zustände. Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland, a cura di. A. Zick, B: Kupper, D. Kra
59. la Repubblica. 2018. "Sorpresa in Spagna, l'estrema destra entra nel Parlamento regionale dell'Andalusia". la Repubblica, 03 dicembre, 2018. <https://www.repubblica.it/ esteri/2018/12/03/news/spagna_leader_vox_l_andalusia_indica_la_strada_ al_paese_-21325
60. La Vanguardia. 2018. "La estrategia catalana de Vox". La Vanguardia, 16 dicembre, 2018. <https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20181216/453566434867/voxcatalunya- afiliados-santiago-abascal.html> (2019-08-20).
61. Lavau, G. 1981. A quoi sert le Parti communiste français?. Paris: Fayard.
62. Lega Nord. 2018. Il programma di governo. Salvini Premier. <https://www.leganord.org/ component/phocadownload/category/5-elezioni?download=1514:programmalega- salvini-premier-2018> (2019-08-20).
63. Lengfeld, H. 2017. "Die Alternative fur Deutschland. Eine Partei fur Modernisierungsverlierer?". Ko?lner Zeitschrift fu?r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 69 (2): 209-32.
64. Lipset, S.M., Rokkan, S. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments, edited by S.M. Lipset, S. Rokkan. New York: Free Press.
65. Livonius, T. 2002. "Die ideologische Entwicklung der FPO unter Jorg Haider". Diss., Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitat Munchen.
66. Maestre, A. 2019. "The Worrying Rise of Spain's Far Right". Jacobin, 28 april, 2019. <https://jacobinmag.com/2019/04/vox-party-far-right-spanish-election> (2019-08-29).
67. Mair, P. 2013. "Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy, Verso, London e New York". Vox Espana. <https://www.voxespana.es/espana/manifiestofundacional- vox> (2019-08-29).
68. Manoschek, W. 2002. "FPO, OVP, and Austria's Nazi Past". In The Haider Phenomenon, a cura di R. Wodak e A. Pelinka, 3-17. New Brunswick: Transaction.
69. Manow, P., Palier B., Schwander H. edited by. 2018. Welfare Democracies and Party Politics. Explaining Electoral Dynamics in Times of Changing Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Mastropaolo, A. 2005. La mucca pazza della democrazia. Nuove destre, populismo, antipolitica. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.
71. Mastropaolo, A. 2017. "Populism and political representation". In Political Populism. A Handbook, edited by R. Heinisch, C. Holtz-Bacha, O. Mazzoleni, 59-72. Baden- Baden: Nomos.
72. McDonnell, D. 2006. "A Weekend in Padania: Regionalist Populism and the Lega Nord". Politics 26 (2): 126-32.
73. Ministero degli Interni. 2019. "Riepilogo anno 2018". <http://www.libertaciviliimmigrazione. dlci.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/riepilogo_anno_2018.pdf> (2019-08-29).
74. Minkenberg, M. 2001. "The radical right in public office: Agenda?setting and policy effects". West European Politics 24(4): 1-21. DOI: 10.1080/01402380108425462
75. Morlino, L., Raniolo, F. 2018. Come la crisi economica cambia la democrazia. Tra insoddisfazione e protesta. Bologna: Il Mulino.
76. Mudde, C. 2004. "The Populist Zeitgeist". Government and Opposition 39 (4): 542-63.
77. Mudde, C. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
78. Mudde, C., Rovira Kaltwasser, C. 2013. "Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America". Government and Opposition 48 (2): 147-74.
79. Niedermayer, O. 2015. Eine neue Konkurrentin im Parteiensystem? Die Alternative für Deutschland, in Id. Das deutsche Parteiensystem nach der Bundestagswahl 2013. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
80. Olalla, S., Chueca, E., Padilla, J. 2019. "Spain is no longer exceptional: Mainstream media and the far-right party Vox". LSE Blogs, 10 gennaio, 2019. <https://blogs. lse.ac.uk/eurocrisispress/2019/01/10/spain-is-no-longer-exceptional-mainstreammedia- and
81. Pajinik, M., Sauer, B. 2018. Populism and the Web, Communicative Practices of Parties and Movements in Europe. New York: Routledge.
82. Papadopulos, Y. 2003. "Some notes on populism as the other (and darker?) side of consociationalism". Paper presentato alla conferenza The Hearth of Europe, Istituto Universitario Europeo, Fiesole, 24-25 Ottobre 2003.
83. Pardo, P. 2019. "Make Spain Great Again.The far-right Vox party has adopted Trumpstyle politics". Foreign policy, 4 april, 2019. <https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/27/ vox-spain-elections-trump-bannon/> (2019-08-29).
84. Patzelt, W.J., Klose, J. 2016. Pegida. Warnsignale aus Dresden. Dresden: Thelem.
85. Plasser, F., Ulram, P. A. 1998. "Grosparteien in der Defensive. Die österreichische Parteien- und Wahlerschaft nach der Nationalratswahl 1986". In Das Österreichische Parteiensystem, a cura di. A. Pelinka, F. Plasser. Wien: Bohlau.
86. Reinemann, C. 2017. "Populismus, Kommunikation, Medien. Ein Überblick über die Forschung zur populistischer politischer Kommunikation". Zeitschrift für Politik 64 (2): 168-90.
87. Reisigl, M., Wodak, R. 2005. Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London-New York: Routledege.
88. Reynie, D. 2011. Populismes: la pente fatale. Paris: Plon.
89. Riedlsperger, M. 1998. "The Freedom Party of Austria". In The new politics of the Right. Neo populist parties and movements in established democracies, edited by H.G. Betz, S. Immerfall. New York: St. Martin's Press.
90. Rohgalf, J. 2015. "Subsidiarität als Kampfbegriff. Politik und Emotionalisierung am Beispiel der AfD". In Emotionen und Politik, a cura di. K.R. Korte, 297-316. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag. DOI: 10.5771/9783845263380-297
91. Romero, J. M. 2015. "The remarkable case of Spanish immigration". Bruegel?, 8 dicembre, 2015, <https://bruegel.org/2015/12/the-remarkable-case-of-spanishimmigration/> (2019-08-29).
92. Rossell Hayes, A., Dudek, C.M. 2019. "How Radical Right-Wing Populism Has Shaped Recent Migration Policy in Austria and Germany". Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2019.1587130
93. Schmitt-Beck, R. 2017. "The Alternative fur Deutschland in the Electorate: Between Single-Issue and Right-Wing Populist Party". German Politics 26 (1): 124-48.
94. Schain M. A. 2006. "The extreme-right and immigration policy-making: Measuring direct and indirect effects". West European Politics 29: 2.
95. Spahl, W., Weiss, S., Kohlenberger, J., Buber-Ennser, I. 2017. "Immigration and the Social Welfare State in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland: A comparative". VID Working Paper 18. <https://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/ PDF/Publications
96. Surel, Y. 2019, "How to stay populist? The Front National and the changing French party system". West European Politics 42(6): 1230-57. DOI: 10.1080/01 402382.2019.1596693
97. Taggart, P. 2000. Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.
98. TAP. 2019. "Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index 2019". Febbraio 2019. <https://populismindex.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/TAP2019C.pdf> (2019-08-29).
99. Tarchi, M. 2015. L'Italia populista. Dal qualunquismo a Beppe Grillo. Bologna: il Mulino.
100. Turnbull-Dugarte, S.J. 2019. "Explaining the end of Spanish exceptionalism and electoral support for Vox". Research and Politics 6 (2): 1-8.
101. Triandafyllidou, A., Gropas, R. a cura di. 2014. European immigration. A sourcebook. Farnham: Ashgate.
102. Van Der Brug, W., Fennema, M., Tillie, J. 2005. "Why Some Anti-Immigrant Parties Fail and Others Succeed: A Two-Step Model of Aggregate Electoral Support". Comparative Political Studies 38 (5): 537-73.
103. Vogele, C., Thoms, C. 2019. "Die isolierte Fraktion. Zwischenreaktionen, Zwischenrufe und die AfD im Baden-Wurttembergischen Landtag". Zeischrift für Parlamentsfragen 2: 306-326.
104. Vorlander, H., Herold M. Schaller, S. 2016. Pegida: Entwicklung, Zusammensetzung und Deutung einer Empörungsbewegung. Wiesbaden: Springer.
105. Vox espana. 2018. "100 medidas para Espana Viva". <https://www.voxespana.es/ biblioteca/espana/2018m/gal_c2d72e181103013447.pdf> (2019-08-29).
106. Vox Espana. 2019. "Que es Vox". <https://www.voxespana.es/espana/que-es-vox> (2019-08-29).
107. Wike, R., Strokes, B., Simmons, K. 2016. "Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs Sharp ideological divides across EU on views about minorities, diversity and national identity". Pew Researcher Center, 11 luglio, 2016. https:/
108. Wilders, G. 2003. "Speech Geert Wilders Melbourne". 19 february, 2013. <https:// www.geertwilders.nl/index.php/in-english-mainmenu-98/in-the-press-mainmenu- 101/77-in-the-press/1822-speech-geert-wilders-melbourne-australia-tuesdayfebruary- 19-2013> (2019-
109. Wodak, R. 2018. "Vom Rand in die Mitte: Schamlose Normalisierung". Politische Vierteljahresschrift 59: 323-35. DOI: 10.1007/s11615-018-0079-7
110. Wodak, R., Kohler, K. 2010. "Wer oder was ist "fremd"? Diskurshistorische Analyse fremdenfeindlicher Rhetorik in Osterreich". SWS-Rundschau 1: 33-55.
111. Zanatta, L. 2013. Il Populismo. Roma: Carocci.
112. Zaslove, A. 2004. "Closing the door? The ideology and impact of radical right populism on immigration policy in Austria and Italy". Journal of Political Ideologies 9 (1): 99- 118. DOI: 10.1080/1356931032000167490
113. Zulianello, M. 2019. "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries". Government and Opposition, Online First. <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/ article/varieties-of-populist-parties-and-party-systems-in-europe-fromstateoftheart- to-the-application-of-a-novel-classification-scheme-to-66-partiesin- 33-countries/7CB95AE2CA7274D5F4716EC11708ACD8

Chapter Information

Bibliographic Information