1. Arráez-Aybar, Luis-Alfonso, Navia-Álvarez, Pedro, Fuentes-Redondo, Talia, and José-Luis Bueno-López. 2015. “Thomas Willis, a Pioneer in Translational Research in Anatomy (on the 350th anniversary of Cerebri anatome).” J. Anat. 226: 289–300.
2. Bayne, Tim, Howhy, Jakob, and Adrian M. Owen. 2016. “Are There Levels of Consciousness?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20(6): 405–13.
3. Brown, Deborah J. 2006. Descartes and the Passionate Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Brown, Deborah J. 2015. “Animal automatism and Machine Intelligence.” Res Philosophica 92 (1): 93–115.
5. Brown, Deborah J. 2021. “Agency, Force and Inertia in Descartes and Hobbes.” In Reconsidering Causal Powers: Historical and Conceptual Perspectives, edited by Benjamin Hill, Henrik Lagerlund, and Stathis Psillos, 94–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Brown, Deborah J., and Calvin G. Normore. 2019. Descartes and the Ontology of Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Canguilhem, Georges. 19772 (1955). La formation du concept de réflexe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
8. Cobb, Matthew. 2002. “Exorcizing the Animal Spirits: Jan Swammerdam on Nerve Function.” Nature Reviews/Neuroscience 3: 395–400.
9. Cohen, Leonora R. 1941. From Beast-Machine to Man-Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Descartes, René. 1637. Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences. Plus la Dioptrique, les Météores et la Géométrie qui sont des Essais de cette méthode. Leiden: Imprimerie de Ian Maire.
11. Descartes, René. 1641. Meditationes de prima philosophia. Paris: Paris: Apud Michaelem Soli.
12. Descartes, René. 1662. De homine, figuris et latinitate donatus a Florentio Schuyl. Leiden: Apud Petrum Leffen et Franciscum Moyardum.
13. Descartes, René. 1664. L’homme […] et un Traité de la formation du foetus, édité par Claude Clerselier. Paris: Chez Charles Angot.
14. Descartes, René. 1964–19742 (1897–1913). Oeuvres, éditées par Charles Adam et Paul Tannery, édition révue par Joseph Beaude, Pierre Costabel, Alan Gabbey, et Bernard Rochot (“AT”). Paris: J. Vrin.
15. Descartes, René. 1984–1991. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, volumes 1–2, edited and translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch (“CSM”); volume 3, edited and translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, Dugald Murdoch, and Anthony Kenny (“CSMK”). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Eadie, M. J. 2003. “A Pathology of the Animal Spirits — The Clinical Neurology of Thomas Willis (1621–1675). Part 1 — Background, and Disorders of Intrinsically Normal Animal Spirits.” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 10 (1): 14–29.
17. Hobbes, Thomas. 1651. Leviathan, Or, The Matter, Form, and Power of a Common-wealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil. London: Printed for Andrew Crooke.
18. Holmes, Frederic L. 1993. “The Old Martyr of Science: The Frog in Experimental Physiology.” Journal of the History of Biology 26 (2): 311–28.
19. McNabb, Jody. 2014. “Thomas Willis: The Faculties and His Two Cognitive Frameworks.” Brain and Cognition 91: 131–37.
20. Meyer, Alfred, and Raymond Hierons. 1965a. “On Thomas Willis’s Concepts of Neurophysiology [Part I].” Medical History 9 (1): 1–15.
21. Meyer, Alfred, and Raymond Hierons. 1965b. “On Thomas Willis’s Concepts of Neurophysiology [Part II].” Medical History 9 (2): 142–55.
22. Sleigh, Charlotte. 2012. “Jan Swammerdam’s Frogs.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society 66 (4), 373–92.
23. Temkin, Owsei. 1973. Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
24. Walton, Douglas. 2017. “The Slippery Slope Argument in the Ethical Debate on Genetic Engineering of Humans.” Science and Engineering Ethics 23: 1507–28.
25. Willis, Thomas. 1664. Cerebri anatome: cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus. London: Typis Jo. Flesher, impensis Jo. Martyn et Ja. Allestry.
26. Willis, Thomas. 1670. Affectionum quae dicuntur hystericae et hypochondriacae pathologia spasmodica vindicata […]. Cui accesserunt exercitationes medico-physicae duae: 1. De sanguinis accensione, 2. De motu musculari. London: Apud Jacobum Allestry.
27. Willis, Thomas. 1672. De anima brutorum quae hominis vitalis ac sensitiva est, exercitationes duae. Oxford: E Theatro Sheldoniano, impensis Ric. Davis.
28. Willis, Thomas. 1681a. “The Anatomy of the Brain [and] the Description and Use of the Nerves.” In Willis, Thomas, The Remaining Medical Works, edited and translated by Samuel Pordage, volume 2, 51–192. London: Printed for T. Dring, C. Harper, J. Leigh, and S. Martyn.
29. Willis, Thomas. 1681b. “Discourse of Musculary Motion.” In Willis, Thomas, The Remaining Medical Works, edited and translated by Samuel Pordage, volume 2, 34–49. London: Printed for T. Dring, C. Harper, J. Leigh, and S. Martyn.
30. Willis, Thomas. 1683. Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes, edited and translated by Samuel Pordage. London: Printed for T. Dring, C. Harper, and J. Leigh.

Chapter Information

Bibliographic Information