Contained in:
Book Chapter

Shaping Gods: from Göbekli Tepe to Kaneš, Ḫattuša, and Beyond

  • Alfonso Archi

The spectacular finds at Göbekli Tepe and Nevali Çorı: monolithic pillars representing stylized humans decorated with a large variety of animals, are the representation of an animist cosmos, in which animals and plants being may appear as persons, capable of will. Çatal Höyük represents a stage in which gods started to be shaped: the bull represented the Storm-god (a concept which reached the Classical period), the stag the god of the wild fauna, and female figurines symbolized the Mother-goddess. In Egypt, where gods where usually represented by animals, zoomorphism presents a continuity which ended only with the introduction of Christianity. The archaeological finds from Kaneš and the Hittite texts document an extraordinary continuity: each deity was represented by an animal, portraited in the vessel with which the celebrant (the royal couple or also a priest) reached a kind of communion with the god in drinking of the same wine and eating of the same bread.

  • Keywords:
  • Animism,
  • Göbekli Tepe,
  • Hittite zoomoprhism,
  • meal ritual,
+ Show More

Alfonso Archi

University of Rome, Italy - ORCID: 0000-0002-7194-7272

  1. Alp, Sedat. 1983. Beiträge zur Erforshung des hethitischen Tempels. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.
  2. Archi, Alfonso. 1973. “Fêtes de printemps et d’automne et réintégration rituelle d’images de culte dans l’Anatolie Hittite.” Ugarit Forschungen 5: 7-27.
  3. Archi, Alfonso. 1979. “Das Kultmahl bei den Hethitern.” In VIII. Tük Tarih Kongresi, 197-213. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu basımevi.
  4. Archi, Alfonso. 2002. “Kizzuwatna Amid Anatolian and Syrian Cults.” In Anatolia Antica, Studi in Memoria di Fiorella Imparati I, eds. Stefano de Martino, and Franca Pecchioli Daddi, 47-53. Firenze: LoGisma (Eothen 11).
  5. Archi, Alfonso. 2006. “Hurrian Gods and the Festival of the Hattian-Hittite Layer.” In The Life and Times of Tudḫaliya IV. Proceeedings of a Symposium held in Honour of J. de Roos, 12-13 December 2003, Leiden, ed. Th. P. J. van den Hout, 147-63. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
  6. Archi. Alfonso. 2008. “The Soul has to Leave the Land of the Living.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religion 7: 169-95.
  7. Archi, Alfonso, and Klengel, Horst. 1980. “Ein hethitischer Text über die Reorganisation des Kultes.” Altorientalische Forschungen 7: 143-57.
  8. Arnaud, Daniel 1986. Recherches au Pays d’Aštata. Emar VI.3. Textes sumériens et accadiens. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
  9. Banning, Edward B. 2011. “So Fair a House: Göbleki Tepe and the Identification of Temples in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Near East.” Current Anthropology 52/5: 619-60.
  10. Barański, Marek Z., et al. 2021. “Integrating Records of Mellaart and Hodder research projects at Çatalhöyük: the GDN Area.” In Communities at Work. The Making of Çatalhöyük, eds. Ian Hodder, and Christina Tsoraki, 51-70. Ankara: British Institute of Archaeology (Çatalhöyük Research Project Series 15).
  11. Barjamovic, Gojko. 2011. A historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Period. Copenhagen: The Carsten Niehbur Institute of Near Eastern Studies.
  12. Brandenstein, von, Carl-Georg. 1943. Hethitische Götter nach Bildbeschreibungen in Keilschrittexten. Leipzig: Hinrichs (MVAeG 46/2).
  13. Burgin, James M. 2019. Functional Differentiation in Hittite Festival Texts. An Analysis of the Old Hittite Manuscripts of the KI.LAM Great Assembly. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 65).
  14. Cammarosano, Michele. 2012. “Hittite Cult Inventories. The Dating of the Texts and the Alleged Cult Reorganization of Tudḫaliya IV.” Altorientalischen Forschungeno 39: 3-37.
  15. Cammarosano, Michele. 2015. “Foreign Gods in Ḫatti A New Edition of CTH 510,” KASKAL 12: 199-244.
  16. Cammarosano, Michele. 2018. Hittite Local Cults. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature Press (WAW 40). DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv6gqxkm
  17. Cammarosano, Michele. 2021. At the Interface of Religion and Administration: The Hittite Cult Inventories. With a contribution by Adam Kryszeń. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 68).
  18. Carruba, Onofrio. 1966. Das Beschwörungsritual für die Göttin Wišurijanza. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 2).
  19. Carter, Charles. 1962. Hittite Cult Inventories. Diss.: University of Chicago.
  20. Cauvin, Jacques. 1994. Naissance des divinités Naissance de l’agriculture. Paris: CNRS Édition.
  21. Cauvin, Jacques. 2001. “Ideology before Economy.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 106-7.
  22. Colonna, Angelo. 2021. Religious Practice and Cultural Construction of Animal Worship in Egypt from the Early Dynastic to the New Kingdom. Ritual Forms, Material Display, Historical Development. Oxford: Archeopress Publishing Ltd (Archeopress Egyptology 36).
  23. De Roos, Johan. 2007. Hittite Votive Texts. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
  24. Dietrich, Oliver, et al. 2012. “Göbekli Tepe. First Came the Temple, Later the City,” Actual Archaeology 2: 1-13.
  25. Dietrich, Oliver. 2016. “Göbekli Tepe, Anlage H. Ein Vorbericht beim Ausgrabungstand von 2014.” Der Anschnitt. Zeitschrift für Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau. Beiheft 31: Anatolian Metal VII: 53-69.
  26. Dietrich, Olivier, and Notroff, Jens. 2015. “A Sanctuary, or so Fair a House? In Defense of an Archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbleki Tepe.” In Defining the Sacred. Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East, ed. by N. Laneri, 75-89. Oxford–Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
  27. Dietrich, Olivier, Notroff, Jens, and Dietrich, Laura. 2018. “Behind the Mask: Early Neolithic Miniature Masks (and one larger-than-life example from Göbleki Tepe (and beyond).” http.//www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/09/Behind-the-Mask, last visited 02/08/2023.
  28. Dietrich, Olivier, and Schmidt, Klaus. 2016. “A Short Note on a New Figurine Type from Göbelki Tepe.” Neo-Lithics 1/17: 43-6.
  29. Düring, Bleda S. 2001. Constructing Communities; Clustered Neighbourhood Settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500-5000 CAL BC. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Osten (PIHANS 105).
  30. Fantoni, Caterina. 2021. “The Arm-shaped Vessels in Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age: A Morphological and Contextual Analysis.” Asia Anteriore Antica 3: 93-123. DOI: 10.36253/asiana-1257
  31. Forlanini, Massimo. 1992. “Am mittlerem Kızılirmak.” In Hittite and other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Sedat Alp, eds. Heinrich Otten et al., 171-79. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  32. Forrer, Emil. 1940. “Das Abendmahl im Ḫatti-Reiche.” In Actes du XXe Congrès International des Orientalistes, Bruxelles 1938, 124-28. Louvain: Bureau du Muséon.
  33. Francia, Rita, 2022 “The (LÚ)šiuniyant- in Hittite Texts: ‛prophet’, ‛ecstatiic’?” Studia Hethitica, Hurritica et Urartica 1: 165-84.
  34. Friedrich, Johannes. 1952. Hethitische Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag.
  35. Gerçek, İlgi N. 2020. “Rivers and River Cults in Hittite Anatolia”. In Cult, Temple, Sacred Spaces. Cult Practices and Cult Spaces in Hittite Anatolia and Neighbouring Cultures. Proceedings of the First International HFR Symposium, Mainz, 3–5 June 2019, eds. Susanne Görke, and Charles W. Steitler, 253-78. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 66).
  36. Goedegebure, Petra M. 2008. “Appendix: Hattian Origins of Hittite Religious Concepts: The Syntax of ‛To Drink (to) a Deity’ (Again) and Other Phrases.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religion 8: 67-73.
  37. Goetze, Albrecht. 1933/1957. Kleinasien. München: Beck (1st ed. 1933; 2nd ed. 1957).
  38. Goodnick Westenholz, Joan, and Westenholz, Aage. 2000. Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem. The Emar Tablets. Groningen: Styx Publications (Cuneiform Monographs 13).
  39. Groddek, Detlev. 2002. Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 55. Dresden: Verlag der TU (DBH 4).
  40. Güterbock, Hans G. 1964. “Lexicographical notes (II).” Revue Hittite et Asianique 22/74: 95-113.
  41. Güterbock, Hans G. 1983. “Hethitische Götterbilder und Kultobjekte.” In Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens. Festschrift für Kurt Bittel, eds. Reiner Boehmer, and Harald Hauptmann, 203-17. Mainz: von Zabern.
  42. Güterbock, Hans G. 1989. “Hittite kurša- “Hunting Bag”. In Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor, eds. Albert Leonard, and Bruce Williams, 113-19. Chicago: Oriental University Press.
  43. Güterbock, Hans G. 1998. “To Drink a God.” In XXXIVème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, eds. Hayat Erkanal, Veysal Donbaz, and Altin Uguroglu, 121-29. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.
  44. Güterbock, Gustav H., and Timoty Kendall. 1995. “A Hittite Silver Vessel in the Form of a Fist.” In The Age of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, eds. Jane Carter, and Sarah Morris, 45-60. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  45. Haas, Volkert. 1982. Hethitische Berggötter und hurritische Steindämonen. Riten, Kulte und Mythen. Mainz: von Zabern.
  46. Hauptmann, Harald. 1993. “Ein Kultgebäude in Nevalı Çori.” In Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains: Archaeologica, Anatolica et Mespotamica Alba Palmieri Dicata, eds. by Marcella Frangipane, Harald Hauptmann, Mario Liverani, Paolo Matthiae, and Matcheld Mellink, 37-69. Roma: Università di Roma ‛La Sapienza’.
  47. Hauptmann, Harald. 2012. “Frühneolitische Kultbilder in der Kommagene.” In Gottkönige am Euphrat: Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Kommagene, ed. Jörg Wagner, 12-22. Darmstadt–Mainz: von Zabern.
  48. Hawkins, David J. 2006. “Tudḫaliya the Hunter.” In The Life and Times of Tudḫaliya IV. Proceeedings of a Symposium held in Honour of J. de Roos, 12–13 December 2003, Leiden, ed. Theo P. J. van den Hout, 49-76. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
  49. Hazenbos, Joost. 2003. The Organization of the Anatolian Local Cults During the Thirteenth Century B.C. Groningen: Styx Publications (Cuneiform Monographs 21).
  50. Heffron, Yağmur. 2014. “The Material Culture of Hittite ‘God-drinking’.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religion 14: 164-85.
  51. Heimpel, Wolfgang, and Emanuelle Salgues. 2015. “Lugal oder wie Ninurta dem Tigris mehr Wasser shuf.” In Erzählungen aud dem Land Sumer, ed. Konrad Volk, 33-67. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  52. Hoffner, Harry A. Jr. 1997. Perspectives on Hittite Civilization: Selected Writings of Hans Gustav Güterbock. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (AS 26).
  53. Hornung, Erik. 1982. Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many, Ithaca. New York: Cornell University Press.
  54. Jacobsen, Thorkild. 1946. “Mesopotamia.” In Before Philosophy, eds. Henri Frankfort, et al., 137-234. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
  55. Jakob-Rost, Liane. 1961. “Zu den hethitischen Bildbeschreibungen” (I. Teil). Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 8: 161-217.
  56. Jakob-Rost, Liane. 1963. “Zu den hethitischen Bildbeschreibungen” (II. Teil). Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 9: 175-239.
  57. Kammenhuber, Annelies. 1971. “Heth. ḫaššuš 2-e ekuzi ‛der König trinkt zwei’.” Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 14: 143-59.
  58. Kammenhuber, Annelies. 1991. “Nochmals: der hethitische König trinkt Gott NN.” In Text, Methode und Grammatik. Wolfgang Richter zum 65. Geburtstag, eds. Walter Gross, Hubert Irsigler, and Theodor Seidel, 221-26. Erzabtei St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag.
  59. Kammenhuber, Annelies. 1993. Kleine Schriften zum Altanatolischen und Indogermanischen 2. Teilband, 1969‒1990. Pdelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  60. Kammenhuber, Annelies, and Archi, Alfonso. 1975/77. ‛eku-/aku-’. Materialien zu einem hethitische Thesaurus. Lief. 3–6. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  61. Kassian, Alexei, Andrej Korolëv, and Andrej Sidelt’sev. 2002. Hittite Funerary Ritual šalliš waštaiš. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag (AOAT 288).
  62. Klinger, Jörg. 1996. Untersuchungen zur Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 37).
  63. Kulakoğlu, Fikri. 2008. “A Hittite God from Kültepe”. In Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli, ed. Cecile Michel, 13-9. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten (PIHANS 112).
  64. Kulakoğlu, Fikri, and Selmin Kangal. 2010. Anatolia’s Prologue. Kültepe Kanesh. Assyrians in Istanbul. Kayseri: Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality.
  65. Laroche, Emmanuel. 1975. “La réforme religieuse du roi Tudhaliya IV et sa signification politique.” In Les syncrétismes dans les religions de l’Antiuité, Colloque de Besançon (22–23 Octobre 1973), eds. Françoise Dunand, and Pierre Lévêque, 87-94. Leiden: Brill.
  66. Laroche, Emmanuel. 2016. Études Anatoliennes Recueilles par Alfonso Archi & Hatice Gonnet. Subartu 37. Turnhout: Brepols.
  67. Mazzoni, Stefania. 2002. “The Squatting Woman: Between Fertility and Eroticism.” In Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East. Proceeding of the 4th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2–6, 2001, 2, eds. Simo Parpola, and Robert Whiting, 367-77. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  68. Mazzucato, Camilla, et al. 2021. “An Integrated Approach to the Study of Socio-material Networks at Çatalhöyük.” In Communities at Work. The Making of Çatalhöyük, eds. Ian Hodder, Christina Tsoraki, 147-75. Ankara: British Institute of Archaeology (Çatalhöyük Research Project Series 15).
  69. McMahon, Gregory. 1991. The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (AS 25).
  70. Melchert, Craig H. 2019. “Solar and Sky Deities in Anatolian.” In Qazzu warrai Anatolian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Kazuhiko Yoshida, eds. Adam Catt, Ronald Kim, and Brent Vine, 239-49. Anna Arbor–New York: Beech Stave Press.
  71. Mellaart, James. 1964. “Excavation at Çatal Hüyük, 1963. Third Preliminary Report.” Anatolian Studies 14: 39-119.
  72. Mellaart, James. 1967. Çatal Höyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson.
  73. Mielke, Dirk Paul. 2007. “Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware from Hittite Contexts”. In The Lustrous Ware of the Late Bronze Age Cyprus and The Eastern Mediterranean, ed. Irmgard Hein, 404-09. Wien: Austrian Academy of Science.
  74. Miller, Jared. 2013. Royal Hittite Instructions and Related Administrative Texts. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
  75. Morenz, Siegfried. Ägyptische Religion. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
  76. Müller-Karpe, Andreas. 2017. Sarissa. Die Wiederentdeckung einer hethitischen Königsstadt. Darmstadt: von Zabern.
  77. Neu, Erich. 1970. Ein althethitisches Gewitterritual. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 12).
  78. Neu, Erich. 1980. Althethitische Ritualtexte in Umschriftl. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 25).
  79. Notroff, Jens, et al. 2017. “More than a Vulture: A Response to Sweatman and Tsikritsis.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 17/2: 57-74.
  80. Otten, Heinrich. 1958. Hethitische Totenrituale. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  81. Otten, Heinrich. 1971. Ein hethitisches Festritual (KBo XIX 128). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 13).
  82. Otten, Heinrich. 1989 “Tiergefässe im Kult der späten hethitischen Grossreichszeit.” In Anatolia and the Ancient Near East. Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, eds. Kutlu Emre, Barthel Hrouda, Matchild Mellink, and Nimet Özgüc, 365-368. Ankara: Anadolu Medeniyetleri Arastirma ve Tanitma Vakfi Yayinlari.
  83. Otto, Adelheid. 2015. “9,000 Years of Cultic Traditions in Northern Mesopotamia and Syria? Thoughts about the Crescent, the Bull and the Pole with Human Heads”. In From the Treasures of Syria. Essays on Art and Archaeology in Honour of Stefania Mazzoni, eds. Paola Ciafardoni, and Deborah Giannessi, 185-202. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
  84. Özgüç, Nimet. 2006. Kültepe-Kaniš / Nesa. Seal Impressions on the Clay Envelopes from the Archives of the Native Peruwa and Assyrian Trader Uṣur-ša-Ištar son of Aššur-imittī, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.
  85. Özgüç, Tahsin. 1991. “The Newly Discovered Cult Objects from the Karum of Kanesh.” In Near Eastern Studies Dedicated to H.I.H. Prince Takahito Mikasa, eds. Masao Mori, Hideo Ogawa, and Mamoru Joshikawa, 320-35. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (BMECCJ 5).
  86. Özgüç, Tahsin. 2005. Kültepe Kaniš/Neša. Istanbul: Yapi Kredi Yayınları.
  87. Perdibon, Anna. 2019. Mountains and Trees, Rivers and Springs. Animistic Beliefs and Practices in Ancient Mesopotamian Religion. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (LAOS 11). DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvsn3mmc
  88. Prechel, Doris. 2008. “Hethitische Rituale in Emar?” In The City of Emar Among the Late Bronze Age Empires. History, Landscape, and Society. Proceedings of the Konstanz Emar Conference, 25.‒26.04 2006, eds. Lorenzo d’Alfonso, Yoram Cohen, and Dieter Sürenhagen, 243-52. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag (AOAT 349).
  89. Sagona, Antonio, and Paul Zimansky. 2009, Ancient Turkey. London–New York: Routledge.
  90. Sahlins, Marshall. 2017. “The Original Political Society.” In On Kings, eds. David Graeber, and Marshall Sahlins, 23-64. Chicago: Hau Books.
  91. Schachner, Andreas. 2018. “Tešubs Stiere – Zwei neu Darstellungen von Stieren aus Ḥattuša und Umgebung.” In Altorientalische Studien für Reinhard Dittmann anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags, eds. Kai Kaniuth, Danile Lau, and Dirk Wicke, 257-66. Münster: Zaphon.
  92. Schachner, Andreas. 2019. “‛Die Faust Gottes?’ – Ein Trinkgefäß der althethitischen Zeit aus der nördlichen Unterstadt von Ḫattuša.” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 69: 345-49.
  93. Schmidt, Klaus. 2008. “Die Steinzeitlichen Heligtümer am Göbekli Tepe.” Colloqium Anatolicum 7: 59-85.
  94. Schmidt, Klaus. 2010. “Göbekli Tepe: –The Stone Age Sanctuaries. New Results of Ongoing Excavations with a Special focus on Sculptures and High Reliefs”, Documenta Praehistorica 37: 239-56.
  95. Schmidt, Klaus. 2011a. “Göbekli Tepe: A Neolithic Site in Southeastern Anatolia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 10,000–323 B.C.E., eds. Sharon Steadman, and Gregory McMahon, 917-33. Oxford: University Press.
  96. Schmidt, Klaus. 2011b. Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. München: Beck.
  97. Schmidt, Klaus. 2013. “Adler und Schlange: ‛Großbilder’ des Göbekli Tepe und ihre Rezeption.” In Der Anschnitt. Zeitschrift für Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau, ed. Ünsal Yalçın, 145-52. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum (Beiheft 25 – Anatolian Metal VI).
  98. Siegelová, Jana. 1986. Hethitische Verwaltungspraxis im Lichte der Wirtschafts- und Inventardokumente. Praha: National Museum Praha.
  99. Singer, Itamar. 1984. The Hittite KI.LAM Festival 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 28).
  100. Singer, Itamar. 1996. Muwatalli’s Prayer to the Assembly of Gods Through the Storm-God of Lightning. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
  101. Soysal, Oğuz. 2008. “Philological Contributions to Hattian-Hittire Religion (I).” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religion 8: 45-66.
  102. Soysal, Oğuz. 2014/15. “Tiergefäß.A.II Philologisch. Bei den Hethitern,” Reallexicon der Assyriologie 14: 2-4.
  103. Steitler, Charles W. 2017. The Solar Deities of Bronze Age Anatolia. Studies on Term of the Early Hittite Kingdom. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (StBoT 62).
  104. Taracha, Piotr. 2019. “In search of the Holy Grail: Hittite DGAL.ZU reconsidered.” In: Stories Told Around the Fountain. Papers Offered to Piotr Bieliński on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, eds. Alina Pieńkowska, and Daniel Szelag, 713-19. Warsaw: University of Warsaw.
  105. Tuchelt, Klaus. 1962. Tiergefäße. Berlin: Mann (Istanbuler Forschungen 22).
  106. van den Hout, Theo P.J. 2018. “The Silver Stag Vessel: A royal Gift.” In: Metropolitan Musuem Journal 53: 114-128.
  107. Van Dijk, Jan J.A. 1983. Lugal ud me-lám-bi nir-ĝál. Le récit épique et didactique des Travaux de Ninurta, du Déluge et de la Nouvelle Création, Leiden: Brill.
  108. Watkins, Trevor. 2015. “Ritual Performance and Religion in Early Neolithic Societies.” In Defining the Sacred. Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East, ed. Nicola Laneri, 153-60. Oxford–Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
  109. Wegner, Ilse. 2002. Hurritische Opferlisten aus hethitischen Festbeschreibungen. Teil II: Texte für Teššub, Ḫebat und weitere Gottheiten. Roma: CNR – Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà dell’Egeo e del Vicino Oriente (ChS I/3-2).
  110. Wilhelm, Gernot. 1997. Keilschrifttexte aus Gebäude A (Kușaklı-Sarissa 1.1). Rahden–Westf.: Marie Leidorf.
  111. Wilhelm, Gernot. 2015. “The Sacred Landscape of Sarissa”. In Sacred Landscape of Hittites and Luwians, eds. Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi, and Giulia Torri, 93-9. Firenze: University Press (StAs 9).
PDF
  • Publication Year: 2023
  • Pages: 29-56
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2023 Author(s)

XML
  • Publication Year: 2023
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2023 Author(s)

Chapter Information

Chapter Title

Shaping Gods: from Göbekli Tepe to Kaneš, Ḫattuša, and Beyond

Authors

Alfonso Archi

Language

English

DOI

10.36253/979-12-215-0109-4.07

Peer Reviewed

Publication Year

2023

Copyright Information

© 2023 Author(s)

Content License

CC BY 4.0

Metadata License

CC0 1.0

Bibliographic Information

Book Title

Theonyms, Panthea and Syncretisms in Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria

Book Subtitle

Proceedings of the TeAI Workshop Held in Verona, March 25-26, 2022

Editors

Livio Warbinek, Federico Giusfredi

Peer Reviewed

Number of Pages

194

Publication Year

2023

Copyright Information

© 2023 Author(s)

Content License

CC BY 4.0

Metadata License

CC0 1.0

Publisher Name

Firenze University Press

DOI

10.36253/979-12-215-0109-4

ISBN Print

979-12-215-0108-7

eISBN (pdf)

979-12-215-0109-4

Series Title

Studia Asiana

Series ISSN

1974-7837

Series E-ISSN

2612-808X

604

Fulltext
downloads

324

Views

Export Citation

1,350

Open Access Books

in the Catalogue

2,262

Book Chapters

3,844,147

Fulltext
downloads

4,424

Authors

from 925 Research Institutions

of 65 Nations

65

scientific boards

from 348 Research Institutions

of 43 Nations

1,248

Referees

from 380 Research Institutions

of 38 Nations