Monograph

Isotopic fractionation study towards massive star-forming regions across the Galaxy

  • Laura Colzi,

One of the most important tools to investigate the chemical history of our Galaxy and our own Solar System is to measure the isotopic fractionation of chemical elements. In the present study new astronomical observations devoted to the study of hydrogen and nitrogen fractionation (D/H and 14N/15N ratios) of molecules, towards massive star-forming regions in different evolutionary phases, have been presented. Moreover, a new detailed theoretical study of carbon fractionation, 12C/13C ratios, has been done. One of the main results was the confirmation that the 14N/15N ratio increases with the galactocentric distance, as predicted by stellar nucleosynthesis Galactic chemical evolution models.
This work gives new important inputs on the understanding of local chemical processes that favor the production of molecules with different isotopes in star-forming regions.

  • Keywords:
  • astrochemistry,
  • stars: formation,
  • ISM: molecules,
  • nuclear reactions,
  • nucleosynthesis,
  • abundances,
  • Galaxy: evolution,
  • methods: numerical,
+ Show more
Purchase

Laura Colzi

CAB - Astrobiology Center, Spain - ORCID: 0000-0001-8064-6394

Laura Colzi is a post-doctoral researcher at the Centro de Astrobiología de Madrid. Her main research work is dedicated to the study of isotopic fractionation of molecules in massive starforming regions located across the Milky Way. Moreover, recently she started to study more complex organic molecules related with the origin of life, which can be observed towards starforming regions thanks to the current advanced astronomical facilities.
  1. Máté Ádámkovics, Geoffrey A. Blake, and Benjamin J. McCall. Sep 2003. Observations of Rotationally Resolved C3 in Translucent Sight Lines. ApJ, 595(1):235–246 DOI: 10.1086/377305
  2. Fred C. Adams. Sep 2010. The Birth Environment of the Solar System. ARA&A, 48: 47–85. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130830
  3. N. G. Adams and D. Smith. Aug 1981. N-14/N-15 isotope fractionation in the reaction N2H/+/ + N2 - Interstellar significance. ApJ, 247:L123–L125. DOI: 10.1086/183604
  4. G. R. Adande and L. M. Ziurys. Jan 2012. Millimeter-wave Observations of CN and HNC and Their 15N Isotopologues: A New Evaluation of the 14N/15N Ratio across the Galaxy. ApJ, 744(2):194. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/194
  5. Alfredo Aguado, Octavio Roncero, Alexandre Zanchet, Marcelino Agúndez, and José Cernicharo. Mar 2017. The Photodissociation of HCN and HNC: Effects on the HNC/HCN Abundance Ratio in the Interstellar Medium. ApJ, 838(1):33. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa63ee
  6. Jérôme Aléon, François Robert, Marc Chaussidon, and Bernard Marty. Oct 2003. Nitrogen isotopic composition of macromolecular organic matter in interplanetary dust particles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67(19):3773–3783. DOI: 10.1016/S0016-7037(03) 00170-4
  7. K. Altwegg, H. Balsiger, A. Bar-Nun, J. J. Berthelier, A. Bieler, P. Bochsler, C. Briois, U. Calmonte, M. Combi, and J. De Keyser. Jan 2015. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio. Science, 347(6220):1261952. DOI: 10.1126/science.1261952
  8. Esteban Araya, Peter Hofner, Stan Kurtz, Leonardo Bronfman, and Simon DeDeo. Apr 2005. CH3CN Observations toward Southern Massive Star-forming Regions. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 157(2):279–301. DOI: 10.1086/427187
  9. A. Bacmann, V. Taquet, A. Faure, C. Kahane, and C. Ceccarelli. May 2012. Detection of complex organic molecules in a prestellar core: a new challenge for astrochemical models. A&A, 541:L12. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219207
  10. Hans A. Bechtel, Adam H. Steeves, and Robert W. Field. Sep 2006. Laboratory Measurements of the Hyperfine Structure of H14N12C and D14N12C. ApJ, 649(1):L53–L56. DOI: 10.1086/508272
  11. M. T. Beltrán and W. J. de Wit. Jan 2016. Accretion disks in luminous young stellar objects. Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 24:6. DOI: 10.1007/s00159-015-0089-z
  12. M. T. Beltrán, R. Cesaroni, R. Neri, C. Codella, R. S. Furuya, L. Testi, and L. Olmi. Feb 2004. Rotating Disks in High-Mass Young Stellar Objects. The Astrophysical Journal, 601(2):L187–L190. DOI: 10.1086/382150
  13. M. T. Beltrán, R. Cesaroni, R. Neri, C. Codella, R. S. Furuya, L. Testi, and L. Olmi. Jun 2005. A detailed study of the rotating toroids in G31.41+0.31 and G24.78+0.08. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 435(3):901–925. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20042381
  14. M. T. Beltrán, R. Cesaroni, V. M. Rivilla, Á. Sánchez-Monge, L. Moscadelli, A. Ahmadi, V. Allen, H. Beuther, S. Etoka, D. Galli, R. Galván-Madrid, C. Goddi, K. G. Johnston, P. D. Klaassen, A. Kölligan, R. Kuiper, M. S. N. Kumar, L. T. Maud, J. C. Mottram, T. Peters, P. Schilke, L. Testi, F. van der Tak, and C. M. Walmsley. Jul 2018. Accelerating infall and rotational spin-up in the hot molecular core G31.41+0.31. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 615:A141. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201832811
  15. T. Bergeman and D. Cossart. May 1981. The lower excited states of CS: A study of extensive spin- orbit perturbations. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 87(1):119–195. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2852(81)90088-6
  16. H. Bergeron, N. Rougeau, V. Sidis, M. Sizun, D. Teillet-Billy, and F. Aguillon. Oct 2008. OH Formation from O and H Atoms Physisorbed on a Graphitic Surface through the Langmuir- Hinshelwood Mechanism: A Quasi-Classical Approach. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112:11921–11930. DOI: 10.1021/jp8050966
  17. Edwin A. Bergin and Mario Tafalla. Sep 2007. Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation. ARA&A, 45(1):339–396. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.45.071206.100404
  18. H. Beuther, P. Schilke, K. M. Menten, F. Motte, T. K. Sridharan, and F. Wyrowski. Feb. 2002a. High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. II. Density Structure from Dust Continuum and CS Emission. The Astrophysical Journal, 566(2):945–965. DOI: 10.1086/338334
  19. H. Beuther, P. Schilke, T. K. Sridharan, K. M. Menten, C. M. Walmsley, and F. Wyrowski. Mar 2002b. Massive molecular outflows. A&A, 383:892–904. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361: 20011808
  20. H. Beuther, A. Walsh, P. Schilke, T. K. Sridharan, K. M. Menten, and F. Wyrowski. Jul 2002c. CH3OH and H2O masers in high-mass star-forming regions. A&A, 390:289–298. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020710
  21. H. Beuther, P. Schilke, F. Gueth, M. McCaughrean, M. Andersen, T. K. Sridharan, and K. M. Menten. Jun 2002d. IRAS 05358+3543: Multiple outflows at the earliest stages of massive star formation. A&A, 387:931–943. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020319
  22. H. Beuther, E. B. Churchwell, C. F. McKee, and J. C. Tan. Jan 2007a. The Formation of Massive Stars. In Bo Reipurth, David Jewitt, and Klaus Keil, editors, Protostars and Planets V, page 165.
  23. H. Beuther, S. Leurini, P. Schilke, F. Wyrowski, K. M. Menten, and Q. Zhang. May 2007b. Interferometric multi-wavelength (sub)millimeter continuum study of the young high-mass protocluster IRAS 05358+3543. A&A, 466(3):1065–1076. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20066742
  24. H. Beuther, Q. Zhang, E. A. Bergin, and T. K. Sridharan. Jan 2009. Chemical Diversity in High-Mass Star Formation. AJ, 137(1):406–418. DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/137/1/406
  25. A. Bieler, K. Altwegg, H. Balsiger, A. Bar-Nun, J. J. Berthelier, P. Bochsler, C. Briois, U. Calmonte, M. Combi, and J. de Keyser. Oct 2015. Abundant molecular oxygen in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Nature, 526(7575):678–681. DOI: 10.1038/ nature15707
  26. S. E. Bisschop, J. K. Jørgensen, E. F. van Dishoeck, and E. B. M. de Wachter. Apr 2007. Testing grain- surface chemistry in massive hot-core regions. A&A, 465(3):913–929. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065963
  27. L. Bizzocchi, P. Caselli, and L. Dore. Feb 2010. Detection of N15NH+ in L1544. A&A, 510:L5. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200913835
  28. L. Bizzocchi, P. Caselli, E. Leonardo, and L. Dore. Jul 2013. Detection of 15NNH+ in L1544: non-LTE modelling of dyazenilium hyperfine line emission and accurate 14N/15N values. A&A, 555:A109. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201321276
  29. D. Bockelée-Morvan, D. Gautier, D. C. Lis, K. Young, J. Keene, T. Phillips, T. Owen, J. Cro- visier, P. F. Goldsmith, and E. A. Bergin. May 1998. Deuterated Water in Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakustake) and Its Implications for the Origin of Comets. Icarus, 133(1):147–162. DOI: 10.1006/icar.1998.5916
  30. D. Bockelée-Morvan, N. Biver, E. Jehin, A. L. Cochran, H. Wiesemeyer, J. Manfroid, D. Hutsemékers, C. Arpigny, J. Boissier, and W. Cochran. May 2008. Large Excess of Heavy Nitrogen in Both Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanogen from Comet 17P/Holmes. ApJ, 679(1):L49. DOI: 10.1086/588781
  31. D. Bockelée-Morvan, N. Biver, B. Swinyard, M. de Val-Borro, J. Crovisier, P. Hartogh, D. C. Lis, R. Moreno, S. Szutowicz, and E. Lellouch. Aug 2012. Herschel measurements of the D/H and 16O/18O ratios in water in the Oort-cloud comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd). A&A, 544:L15. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219744
  32. A. Boehle, A. M. Ghez, R. Schödel, L. Meyer, S. Yelda, S. Albers, G. D. Martinez, E. E. Becklin, T. Do, J. R. Lu, K. Matthews, M. R. Morris, B. Sitarski, and G. Witzel. Oct 2016. An Improved Distance and Mass Estimate for Sgr A* from a Multistar Orbit Analysis. ApJ, 830(1):17. DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/17
  33. Eva G. Bøgelund, Brett A. McGuire, Niels F. W. Ligterink, Vianney Taquet, Crystal L. Brogan, Todd R. Hunter, John C. Pearson, Michiel R. Hogerheijde, and Ewine F. van Dishoeck. Jul 2018. Low levels of methanol deuteration in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I. A&A, 615:A88. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201832757
  34. Ian A. Bonnell, Stephen G. Vine, and Matthew R. Bate. Apr 2004. Massive star formation: nurture, not nature. MNRAS, 349(2):735–741. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07543.x
  35. Henner Busemann, Andrea F. Young, Conel M. O’D. Alexander, Peter Hoppe, Sujoy Mukhopadhyay, and Larry R. Nittler. May 2006. Interstellar Chemistry Recorded in Organic Matter from Primitive Meteorites. Science, 312(5774):727–730. DOI: 10.1126/science.1123878
  36. G. Busquet, R. Estalella, Q. Zhang, S. Viti, A. Palau, P. T. P. Ho, and Á. Sánchez-Monge. Jan 2011. N2H+ depletion in the massive protostellar cluster AFGL 5142. A&A, 525:A141. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014152
  37. Michael J. Butler and Jonathan C. Tan. May 2009. Mid-Infrared Extinction Mapping of Infrared Dark Clouds: Probing the Initial Conditions for Massive Stars and Star Clusters. ApJ, 696(1): 484–497. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/484
  38. P. Caselli, C. M. Walmsley, M. Tafalla, L. Dore, and P. C. Myers. Oct 1999. CO Depletion in the Starless Cloud Core L1544. ApJ, 523(2):L165–L169. DOI: 10.1086/312280
  39. P. Caselli, C. M. Walmsley, A. Zucconi, M. Tafalla, L. Dore, and P. C. Myers. Jan 2002. Molecular Ions in L1544. II. The Ionization Degree. ApJ, 565(1):344–358. DOI: 10.1086/324302
  40. P. Caselli, F. F. S. van der Tak, C. Ceccarelli, and A. Bacmann. May 2003. Abundant H2D+ in the pre- stellar core L1544. A&A, 403:L37–L41. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20030526
  41. P. Caselli, C. Vastel, C. Ceccarelli, F. F. S. van der Tak, A. Crapsi, and A. Bacmann. Dec 2008. Survey of ortho-H2D+ (11,0-11,1) in dense cloud cores. A&A, 492(3):703–718. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20079009
  42. Paola Caselli and Cecilia Ceccarelli. Oct 2012. Our astrochemical heritage. A&A Rev., 20:56. DOI: 10.1007/s00159-012-0056-x
  43. S. Cazaux, P. Caselli, and M. Spaans.Nov 2011. Interstellar Ices as Witnesses of Star Formation: Selective Deuteration of Water and Organic Molecules Unveiled. ApJ, 741(2):L34. DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/741/2/L34
  44. Gabriele Cazzoli and Cristina Puzzarini. Oct 2005b. The Lamb-dip spectrum of the J + 1 ← J ( J = 0, 1, 3- 8) transitions of H 13CN: The nuclear hyperfine structure due to H, 13C, and 14N. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 233(2):280–289. DOI: 10.1016/j.jms.2005.07.009
  45. Gabriele Cazzoli and Cristina Puzzarini. Dec 2006. The Lamb-dip spectrum of methylcyanide: Precise rotational transition frequencies and improved ground-state rotational parameters. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 240(2):153–163. DOI: 10.1016/j.jms.2006.09.013
  46. Gabriele Cazzoli, Cristina Puzzarini, and Jürgen Gauss. Jul 2005a. The Rare Isotopomers of HCN: HC15N and DC15N. Rotational Spectrum and Resolved Nuclear Hyperfine Structures due to 15N and D. ApJS, 159(1):181–188. DOI: 10.1086/430209
  47. Gabriele Cazzoli, Lino Cludi, Giovanni Buffa, and Cristina Puzzarini. Nov 2012. Precise THz Measurements of HCO+, N2H+, and CF+ for Astrophysical Observations. ApJS, 203(1):11. DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/203/1/11
  48. C. Ceccarelli, P. Caselli, D. Bockelée-Morvan, O. Mousis, S. Pizzarello, F. Robert, and D. Semenov. Jan 2014. Deuterium Fractionation: The Ariadne’s Thread from the Precollapse Phase to Meteorites and Comets Today. In Henrik Beuther, Ralf S. Klessen, Cornelis P. Dullemond, and Thomas Henning, editors, Protostars and Planets VI, page 859. DOI: 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch037
  49. R. Cesaroni, M. T. Beltrán, Q. Zhang, H. Beuther, and C. Fallscheer. Sep 2011. Dissecting a hot molecular core: the case of G31.41+0.31. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 533:A73. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117206
  50. R. Cesaroni, Á. Sánchez-Monge, M. T. Beltrán, K. G. Johnston, L. T. Maud, L. Moscadelli, J. C. Mottram, A. Ahmadi, V. Allen, H. Beuther, T. Csengeri, S. Etoka, G. A. Fuller, D. Galli, R. Galván-Madrid, C. Goddi, T. Henning, M. G. Hoare, P. D. Klaassen, R. Kuiper, M. S. N. Kumar, S. Lumsden, T. Peters, V. M. Rivilla, P. Schilke, L. Testi, F. van der Tak, S. Vig, C. M. Walmsley, and H. Zinnecker. Jun 2017. Chasing discs around O-type (proto)stars: Evidence from ALMA observations. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 602:A59. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201630184
  51. A. Chacón-Tanarro, P. Caselli, L. Bizzocchi, J. E. Pineda, O. Sipilä, A. Vasyunin, S. Spezzano, A. Punanova, B. M. Giuliano, and V. Lattanzi. Feb 2019. Mapping deuterated methanol toward L1544. I. Deuterium fraction and comparison with modeling. A&A, 622:A141. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201832703
  52. S. B. Charnley and S. D. Rodgers. Apr 2002. The End of Interstellar Chemistry as the Origin of Nitrogen in Comets and Meteorites. ApJ, 569(2):L133–L137. DOI: 10.1086/340484
  53. Yi-nan Chin, Christian Henkel, Norbert Langer, and Rainer Mauersberger. Feb 1999. The Detection of Extragalactic 15N: Consequences for NitrogenNucleosynthesis and Chemical Evolution. ApJ, 512(2):L143–L146. DOI: 10.1086/311875
  54. Donald Clayton. 2003. Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos.
  55. C. Codella, S. Viti, C. Ceccarelli, B. Lefloch, M. Benedettini, G. Busquet, P. Caselli, F. Fontani, A. Gómez-Ruiz, L. Podio, and M. Vasta. Oct 2013. Broad N2H+ Emission toward the Protostellar Shock L1157-B1. ApJ, 776(1):52. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/52.
  56. C. Codella, F. Fontani, C. Ceccarelli, L. Podio, S. Viti, R. Bachiller, M. Benedettini, and B. Lefloch. Apr 2015. Astrochemistry at work in the L1157-B1 shock: acetaldehyde formation. MNRAS, 449:L11–L15. DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slu204
  57. L. Colzi, F. Fontani, P. Caselli, C. Ceccarelli, P. Hily-Blant, and L. Bizzocchi. Feb 2018. Nitrogen and hydrogen fractionation in high-mass star-forming cores from observations of HCN and HNC. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 609:A129. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 201730576
  58. L. Colzi, F. Fontani, V. M. Rivilla, A. Sánchez-Monge, L. Testi, M. T. Beltrán, and P. Caselli. Aug 2018. Nitrogen fractionation in high-mass star-forming cores across the Galaxy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 478(3):3693–3720. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/ sty1027
  59. L. Colzi, F. Fontani, P. Caselli, S. Leurini, L. Bizzocchi, and G. Quaia. Jun 2019. First interferometric study of enhanced N-fractionation in N2H+: the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 05358+3543. MNRAS, 485(4):5543–5558. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz794
  60. L. Colzi, O. Sipilä, E. Roueff, P. Caselli, F. Fontani. Aug 2020. Carbon isotopic fractionation in molecular clouds. A&A, 640, id.A51. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038251
  61. A. Crapsi, P. Caselli, C. M. Walmsley, P. C. Myers, M. Tafalla, C. W. Lee, and T. L. Bourke. Jan 2005. Probing the Evolutionary Status of Starless Cores through N2H+ and N2D+ Observations. ApJ, 619(1):379–406. DOI: 10.1086/426472
  62. A. Crapsi, P. Caselli, M. C. Walmsley, and M. Tafalla. Jul 2007. Observing the gas temperature drop in the high-density nucleus of L 1544. A&A, 470(1):221–230. DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361:20077613
  63. H. M. Cuppen, L. E. Kristensen, and E. Gavardi. Jul 2010. H2 reformation in post-shock regions. MNRAS, 406(1):L11–L15, DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00871.x
  64. C. J. Cyganowski, C. L. Brogan, T. R. Hunter, D. Graninger, K. I. Öberg, A. Vasyunin, Q. Zhang, R. Friesen, and S. Schnee. Nov 2014. G11.92-0.61-MM2: A Bonafide Massive Prestellar Core? ApJ, 796(1):L2. DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/796/1/L2
  65. F. Daniel, M. Gérin, E. Roueff, J. Cernicharo, N. Marcelino, F. Lique, D. C. Lis, D. Teyssier, N. Biver, and D. Bockelée-Morvan. Dec 2013. Nitrogen isotopic ratios in Barnard 1: a consistent study of the N2H+, NH3, CN, HCN, and HNC isotopologues. A&A, 560:A3. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201321939
  66. F. Daniel, A. Faure, L. Pagani, F. Lique, M. Gérin, D. Lis, P. Hily-Blant, A. Bacmann, and E. Roueff. Jul 2016. N2H+ and N15NH+ toward the prestellar core 16293E in L1689N. A&A, 592: A45. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628192
  67. J. Daranlot, U. Hincelin, A. Bergeat, M. Costes, J. C. Loison, V. Wakelam, and K. M. Hickson. Jun 2012. Elemental nitrogen partitioning in dense interstellar clouds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 109(26):10233–10238. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200017109
  68. Ankan Das, Milan Sil, Prasanta Gorai, Sand ip K. Chakrabarti, and J. C. Loison. Jul 2018. An Approach to Estimate the Binding Energy of Interstellar Species. ApJS, 237(1):9. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aac886
  69. James Di Francesco, Philippe André, and Philip C. Myers. Dec 2004. Quiescent Dense Gas in Protostellar Clusters: The Ophiuchus A Core. ApJ, 617(1):425–438. DOI: 10.1086/425264
  70. P. Didelon, F. Motte, P. Tremblin, T. Hill, S. Hony, M. Hennemann, P. Hennebelle, L. D. Anderson, F. Galliano, and N. Schneider. Dec 2015. From forced collapse to H ii region expansion in Mon R2: Envelope density structure and age determination with Herschel⋆. A&A, 584: A4. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526239
  71. V. Dislaire, P. Hily-Blant, A. Faure, S. Maret, A. Bacmann, and G. Pineau Des Forêts. Jan 2012. Nitrogen hydrides and the H2 ortho-to-para ratio in dark clouds. A&A, 537:A20. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117765
  72. L. Dore, L. Bizzocchi, C. Degli Esposti, and F. Tinti. Mar 2009. Accurate rest frequencies for the submillimetre-wave lines of the 15{N}-containing isotopologues of N2H+ and N2D+. A&A, 496(1):275–279. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200811235
  73. B. T. Draine and Brian Sutin. Sep 1987. Collisional Charging of Interstellar Grains. ApJ, 320:803. DOI: 10.1086/165596
  74. Maria N. Drozdovskaya, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Jes K. Jørgensen, Ursina Calmonte, Matthijs H. D. van der Wiel, Audrey Coutens, Hannah Calcutt, Holger S. P. Müller, Per Bjerkeli, and Magnus V. Persson. Jun 2018. The ALMA-PILS survey: the sulphur connection between protostars and comets: IRAS 16293-2422 B and 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. MNRAS, 476 (4):4949–4964. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty462.
  75. A. Duarte-Cabral, S. Bontemps, F. Motte, M. Hennemann, N. Schneider, and Ph. André. Oct 2013. CO outflows from high-mass Class 0 protostars in Cygnus-X. A&A, 558:A125. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201321393
  76. W. W. Duley and D. A. Williams. Oct 1984. Book-Review - Interstellar Chemistry. Nature, 311:685.
  77. M. Emprechtinger, P. Caselli, N. H. Volgenau, J. Stutzki, and M. C. Wiedner. Jan 2009. The N{2}D+ˆ/N{2}H+ ratio as an evolutionary tracer of Class 0 protostars. A&A, 493(1):89–105. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:200810324
  78. Christian P. Endres, Stephan Schlemmer, Peter Schilke, Jürgen Stutzki, and Holger S. P. Müller. Sep 2016. The Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy, CDMS, in the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Centre, VAMDC. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 327:95–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.jms.2016.03.005
  79. A. Faure, M. Faure, P. Theulé, E. Quirico, and B. Schmitt. Dec 2015. Hydrogen isotope exchanges between water and methanol in interstellar ices. A&A, 584:A98. DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361/201526499
  80. F. Fontani, P. Caselli, A. Crapsi, R. Cesaroni, S. Molinari, L. Testi, and J. Brand. Dec 2006. Searching for massive pre-stellar cores through observations of N2H+ and N2D+. A&A, 460(3):709–720. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20066105
  81. F. Fontani, I. Pascucci, P. Caselli, F. Wyrowski, R. Cesaroni, and C. M. Walmsley. Aug 2007. Comparative study of complex N- and O-bearing molecules in hot molecular cores. A&A, 470(2):639– 652. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20077485
  82. F. Fontani, A. Palau, P. Caselli, Á. Sánchez-Monge, M. J. Butler, J. C. Tan, I. Jiménez-Serra, G. Busquet, S. Leurini, and M. Audard. May 2011. Deuteration as an evolutionary tracer in massive- star formation. A&A, 529:L7. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201116631
  83. F. Fontani, A. Giannetti, M. T. Beltrán, R. Dodson, M. Rioja, J. Brand, P. Caselli, and R. Cesaroni. Jul 2012. High CO depletion in southern infrared dark clouds. MNRAS, 423(3):2342–2358. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21043.x
  84. F. Fontani, T. Sakai, K. Furuya, N. Sakai, Y. Aikawa, and S. Yamamoto. May 2014. DNC/HNC and N2D+/N2H+ ratios in high-mass star-forming cores. MNRAS, 440(1):448–456. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu298
  85. F. Fontani, G. Busquet, Aina Palau, P. Caselli, Á. Sánchez-Monge, J. C. Tan, and M. Audard. Mar 2015a. Deuteration and evolution in the massive star formation process. The role of surface chemistry. A&A, 575:A87. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201424753
  86. F. Fontani, P. Caselli, A. Palau, L. Bizzocchi, and C. Ceccarelli. Aug 2015b. First Measurements of 15N Fractionation in N2H+ toward High-mass Star-forming Cores. ApJ, 808(2):L46. DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L46
  87. F. Fontani, B. Commerçon, A. Giannetti, M. T. Beltrán, A. Sánchez-Monge, L. Testi, J. Brand, P. Caselli, R. Cesaroni, R. Dodson, S. Longmore, M. Rioja, J. C. Tan, and C. M. Walmsley. Sep 2016. Magnetically regulated fragmentation of a massive, dense, and turbulent clump. A&A, 593:L14, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629442
  88. F. Fontani, B. Commerçon, A. Giannetti, M. T. Beltrán, Á. Sánchez-Monge, L. Testi, J. Brand, and J. C. Tan. Jul 2018a. Fragmentation properties of massive protocluster gas clumps: an ALMA study. A&A, 615:A94. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201832672
  89. F. Fontani, A. Vagnoli, M. Padovani, L. Colzi, P. Caselli, and V. M. Rivilla. Nov 2018b. Protonated CO2 in massive star-forming clumps. MNRAS, 481(1):79–83. DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/ sly160
  90. Wilfred Frieswijk. Mar 2008. Early stages of clustered star formation: massive dark clouds throughout the Galaxy. PhD thesis, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute.
  91. Kenji Furuya and Yuri Aikawa. Apr 2018. Depletion of Heavy Nitrogen in the Cold Gas of Star-forming Regions. ApJ, 857(2):105. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab768
  92. Kenji Furuya, Yuri Aikawa, Nami Sakai, and Satoshi Yamamoto. Apr 2011. Carbon Isotope and Isotopomer Fractionation in Cold Dense Cloud Cores. ApJ, 731(1):38. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/38
  93. G. Galazutdinov, A. Peˇtlewski, F. Musaev, C. Moutou, G. Lo Curto, and J. Krelowski. Dec 2002. The interstellar C3 chain molecule in different interstellar environments. A&A, 395:969–974. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20021324
  94. R. T. Garrod and E. Herbst. Oct 2006. Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores. A&A, 457(3):927–936. DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361:20065560
  95. R. T. Garrod, V. Wakelam, and E. Herbst. Jun 2007. Non-thermal desorption from interstellar dust grains via exothermic surface reactions. A&A, 467(3):1103–1115. DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361:20066704
  96. J. Geiss and G. Gloeckler. Apr 1998. Abundances of Deuterium and Helium-3 in the Protosolar Cloud. Space Sci. Rev., 84:239–250.
  97. Y. M. Georgelin. Jan 1975. PhD thesis.
  98. Yuri Georgievskii and J. Klippenstein, Stephen. 2005. Long-range transition state theory. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 122:194103. DOI: 10.1063/1.1899603.
  99. M. Gerin, D. C. Lis, S. Philipp, R. Güsten, E. Roueff, and V. Reveret. Aug 2006. The distribution of ND2H in LDN 1689N. A&A, 454(2):L63–L66. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065401
  100. M. Gerin, N. Marcelino, N. Biver, E. Roueff, L. H. Coudert, M. Elkeurti, D. C. Lis, and D. Bockelée-Morvan. May 2009. Detection of 15NH{2}D in dense cores: a new tool for measuring the 14N/15N ratio in the cold ISM. A&A, 498(2):L9–L12. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 200911759
  101. A. Giannetti, F. Wyrowski, J. Brand, T. Csengeri, F. Fontani, C. M. Walmsley, Q. Nguyen Luong, H. Beuther, F. Schuller, R. Güsten, and K. M. Menten. Oct 2014. ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. I. CO depletion and isotopic ratios. A&A, 570:A65. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423692
  102. Thomas F. Giesen, Bhaswati Mookerjea, Guido W. Fuchs, Alexander A. Breier, Daniel Witsch, Robert Simon, and Jürgen Stutzki. Jan 2020. First detection of the carbon chain molecules 13CCC and C13CC towards SgrB2(M). A&A, 633, id.A120. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936538
  103. Adam G. Ginsburg, John Bally, Chi-Hung Yan, and Jonathan P. Williams. Dec 2009. Outflows and Massive Stars in the Protocluster IRAS 05358+3543. ApJ, 707(1):310–327. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/310
  104. R. Gomes, H. F. Levison, K. Tsiganis, and A. Morbidelli. May 2005. Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets. Nature, 435(7041):466–469. DOI: 10.1038/nature03676
  105. M. Gounelle and G. Meynet. Sep 2012. Solar system genealogy revealed by extinct short-lived radionuclides in meteorites. A&A, 545:A4. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219031
  106. Matthieu Gounelle, Frank H. Shu, Hsien Shang, A. E. Glassgold, K. E. Rehm, and Typhoon Lee. Feb 2001. Extinct Radioactivities and Protosolar Cosmic Rays: Self-Shielding and Light Elements. ApJ, 548(2):1051–1070. DOI: 10.1086/319019
  107. Didier Gourier, Francois Robert, Olivier Delpoux, Laurent Binet, Herve Vezin, Alain Moissette, and Sylvie Derenne. Apr 2008. Extreme deuterium enrichment of organic radicals in the Orgueil meteorite: Revisiting the interstellar interpretation? Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72(7):1914–1923. DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.017
  108. Gravity Collaboration, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, M. Bauböck, J. P. Berger, H. Bonnet, W. Brand ner, Y. Clénet, V. Coudé Du Foresto, P. T. de Zeeuw, J. Dexter, G. Duvert, A. Eckart, F. Eisenhauer, N. M. Förster Schreiber, P. Garcia, F. Gao, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, O. Gerhard, S. Gillessen, M. Habibi, X. Haubois, T. Henning, S. Hippler, M. Horrobin, A. Jiménez- Rosales, L. Jocou, P. Kervella, S. Lacour, V. Lapeyrère, J. B. Le Bouquin, P. Léna, T. Ott, T. Paumard, K. Perraut, G. Perrin, O. Pfuhl, S. Rabien, G. Rodriguez Coira, G. Rousset, S. Scheithauer, A. Sternberg, O. Straub, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, L. J. Tacconi, F. Vincent, S. von Fellenberg, I. Waisberg, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, E. Wiezorrek, J. Woillez, and S. Yazici. May 2019. A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty. A&A, 625:L10. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935656
  109. R. Gredel, S. Lepp, A. Dalgarno, and E. Herbst. Dec 1989. Cosmic-Ray–induced Photodissociation and Photoionization Rates of Interstellar Molecules. ApJ, 347:289. DOI: 10.1086/ 168117
  110. V. V. Guzmán, K. I. Öberg, R. Loomis, and C. Qi. Nov 2015. Cyanide Photochemistry and Nitrogen Fractionation in the MWC 480 Disk. ApJ, 814(1):53. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/ 814/1/53
  111. V. V. Guzmán, K. I. Öberg, J. Huang, R. Loomis, and C. Qi. Feb 2017. Nitrogen Fractionation in Protoplanetary Disks from the H13CN/HC15N Ratio. ApJ, 836(1):30. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/30
  112. H. J. Habing. Jan 1968. The interstellar radiation density between 912 A and 2400 A. Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands, 19:421.
  113. L. Matthew Haffner and David M. Meyer. Nov 1995. A Search for Interstellar C 3 in the Translucent Cloud toward HD 147889. ApJ, 453:450. DOI: 10.1086/176406
  114. Paul Hartogh, Dariusz C. Lis, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Miguel de Val-Borro, Nicolas Biver, Michael Küppers, Martin Emprechtinger, Edwin A. Bergin, Jacques Crovisier, and Miriam Rengel. Oct 2011. Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2. Nature, 478(7368):218–220. DOI: 10.1038/nature10519
  115. Tatsuhiko I. Hasegawa and Eric Herbst. Mar 1993. New gas-grain chemical models of quiscent dense interstellar clouds :the effects of H2 tunnelling reactions and cosmic ray induced desorption. MNRAS, 261:83–102. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/261.1.83
  116. Jiao He, Kinsuk Acharyya, and Gianfranco Vidali. May 2016. Sticking of Molecules on Nonporous Amorphous Water Ice. ApJ, 823(1):56. DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/56
  117. A. N. Heays, A. D. Bosman, and E. F. van Dishoeck. Jun 2017. Photodissociation and photoionisation of atoms and molecules of astrophysical interest. A&A, 602:A105 DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361/201628742
  118. Alan N. Heays, Ruud Visser, Roland Gredel, Wim Ubachs, Brenton R. Lewis, Stephen T. Gibson, and Ewine F. van Dishoeck. Feb 2014. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 201322832. Isotope selective photodissociation of N2 by the interstellar radiation field and cosmic rays. A&A, 562:A61. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 201322832
  119. Eric Herbst. Apr 2003. Isotopic Fractionation by Ion-Molecule Reactions. Space Sci. Rev., 106(1):293– 304. DOI: 10.1023/A:1024654108167
  120. Mark H. Heyer, John M. Carpenter, and E. F. Ladd. Jun 1996. Giant Molecular Cloud Complexes with Optical H II Regions: 12CO and 13CO Observations and Global Cloud Properties. ApJ, 463:630. DOI: 10.1086/177277
  121. P. Hily-Blant, M. Walmsley, G. Pineau Des Forêts, and D. Flower. Mar 2008. CN in prestellar cores. A&A, 480(1):L5–L8. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20079296
  122. P. Hily-Blant, L. Bonal, A. Faure, and E. Quirico. Mar 2013a. The 15N-enrichment in dark clouds and Solar System objects. Icarus, 223(1):582–590. DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.015
  123. P. Hily-Blant, G. Pineau des Forêts, A. Faure, R. Le Gal, and M. Padovani. Sep 2013b. The CN/C15N isotopic ratio towards dark clouds. A&A, 557:A65. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 201321364
  124. P. Hily-Blant, V. Magalhaes, J. Kastner, A. Faure, T. Forveille, and C. Qi. Jul 2017. Direct evidence of multiple reservoirs of volatile nitrogen in a protosolar nebula analogue. A&A, 603:L6. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201730524
  125. C. N. Hinshelwood. 1940. The Kinetics of Chemical Change (The Clarendon Press).
  126. Tomoya Hirota, Satoshi Yamamoto, Hitomi Mikami, and Masatoshi Ohishi. Aug 1998. Abundances of HCN and HNC in Dark Cloud Cores. ApJ, 503(2):717–728. DOI: 10.1086/306032
  127. J. G. Hosking and A. P. Whitworth. Jan 2004. Fragmentation of magnetized cloud cores. MNRAS, 347 (3):1001–1010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07274.x
  128. B. Hu, K. M. Menten, Y. Wu, A. Bartkiewicz, K. Rygl, M. J. Reid, J. S. Urquhart, and X. Zheng. Dec 2016. On the Relationship of UC HII Regions and Class II Methanol Masers. I. Source Catalogs. ApJ, 833(1):18. DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/833/1/18
  129. Jane Huang, Karin I. Öberg, Chunhua Qi, Yuri Aikawa, Sean M. Andrews, Kenji Furuya, Viviana V. Guzmán, Ryan A. Loomis, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, and David J. Wilner. Feb 2017. An ALMA Survey of DCN/H13CN and DCO+/H13CO+ in Protoplanetary Disks. ApJ, 835(2):231. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/231
  130. K.P Huber and G. Herzberg. 1979. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure - IV. Constants of diatomic molecules.
  131. Jason A. S. Hunt, Jo Bovy, and Raymond G. Carlberg. Dec 2016. Detection of a Dearth of Stars with Zero Angular Momentum in the Solar Neighborhood. ApJ, 832(2):L25. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/832/2/L25
  132. Muneaki Imai, Nami Sakai, Ana López-Sepulcre, Aya E. Higuchi, Yichen Zhang, Yoko Oya, Yoshimasa Watanabe, Takeshi Sakai, Cecilia Ceccarelli, Bertrand Lefloch, and Satoshi Yamamoto. Dec 2018. Deuterium Fractionation Survey Toward Protostellar Sources in the Perseus Molecular Cloud: HNC Case. ApJ, 869(1):51 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaeb21
  133. Shun Ishii, Fumitaka Nakamura, Yoshito Shimajiri, Ryohei Kawabe, Takashi Tsukagoshi, Kazuhito Dobashi, and Tomomi Shimoikura. Jul 2019. Nobeyama 45 m mapping observations toward Orion A. II. Classification of cloud structures and variation of the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio due to far-UV radiation. PASJ, page 87 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psz065
  134. Robert G. Izzard, Christopher A. Tout, Amanda I. Karakas, and Onno R. Pols. May 2004. A new synthetic model for asymptotic giant branch stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 350(2):407–426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07446.x
  135. A. Jacobs, M. Wahl, R. Weller, and J. Wolfrum. Feb 1988. Kinetic studies of the reaction of CN with H 2O from 518 to 1027 K. Chemical Physics Letters, 144(2):203–207. DOI: 10.1016/ 0009-2614(88)87118-5
  136. Izaskun Jiménez-Serra, Anton I. Vasyunin, Paola Caselli, Nuria Marcelino, Nicolas Billot, Serena Viti, Leonardo Testi, Charlotte Vastel, Bertrand Lefloch, and Rafael Bachiller. Oct 2016. The Spatial Distribution of Complex Organic Molecules in the L1544 Pre-stellar Core. ApJ, 830(1):L6 DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/830/1/L6
  137. Mihwa Jin, Jeong-Eun Lee, and Kee-Tae Kim. Jul 2015. The HCN/HNC Abundance Ratio Toward Different Evolutionary Phases of Massive Star Formation. ApJS, 219(1):2 DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/2
  138. Claudine Kahane, Ali Jaber Al-Edhari, Cecilia Ceccarelli, Ana López-Sepulcre, Francesco Fontani, and Mihkel Kama. Jan 2018. First Measurement of the 14N/15N Ratio in the Analog of the Sun Progenitor OMC-2 FIR4. ApJ, 852(2):130 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9e88
  139. Brandon C. Kelly. Aug 2007. Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data. ApJ, 665(2):1489–1506 DOI: 10.1086/519947
  140. Robert C. Kennicutt. Jan 2005. The role of massive stars in astrophysics. In R. Cesaroni, M. Felli, E. Churchwell, and M. Walmsley, editors, Massive Star Birth: A Crossroads of Astrophysics, volume 227 of IAU Symposium, pages 3–11 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921305004308
  141. Eric Keto and Paola Caselli. Mar 2010. Dynamics and depletion in thermally supercritical starless cores. MNRAS, 402(3):1625–1634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16033.x
  142. B. Klein, S. Hochgürtel, I. Krämer, A. Bell, K. Meyer, and R. Güsten. Jun 2012. High-resolution wide-band fast Fourier transform spectrometers. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 542:L3 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201218864
  143. Pavel Kroupa. Apr 2001. On the variation of the initial mass function. MNRAS, 322(2):231–246 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x
  144. M. L. Kutner and B. L. Ulich. Nov 1981. Recommendations for calibration of millimeter-wavelength spectral line data. ApJ, 250:341–348 DOI: 10.1086/159380
  145. Charles J. Lada and Elizabeth A. Lada. Jan 2003. Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds. ARA&A, 41:57–115 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844
  146. Kenneth R. Lang. 1992. Astrophysical Data I. Planets and Stars.
  147. W. D. Langer, T. E. Graedel, M. A. Frerking, and P. B. Armentrout. Feb 1984. Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in dense interstellar clouds. ApJ, 277:581–604 DOI: 10.1086/161730
  148. William D. Langer and Arno A. Penzias. Jul 1990. 12C/ 13C Isotope Ratio across the Galaxy from Observations of 13C 18O in Molecular Clouds. ApJ, 357:477 DOI: 10.1086/168935
  149. William D. Langer and Arno A. Penzias. May 1993. 12C/ 13C Isotope Ratio in the Local Interstellar Medium from Observations of 13C 18O in Molecular Clouds. ApJ, 408:539 DOI: 10.1086/172611
  150. I. Langmuir. 1922. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 17:621
  151. Patrick A. Lawson, Jr. Osborne, David, and Nigel G. Adams. Jun 2011. Effect of isotopic content on the rate constants for the dissociative electron-ion recombination of N2H+. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 304(1):41–44 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.03.013
  152. J. Le Bourlot. Feb 1991. Ammonia formation and the ortho-to-para ratio of H2 in dark clouds. A&A, 242:235
  153. Chin-Fei Lee, Paul T. P. Ho, and Stephen M. White. Feb 2005. Molecular Line Observations of IRAM 04191+1522. ApJ, 619(2):948–958 DOI: 10.1086/426780
  154. S. Leurini, H. Beuther, P. Schilke, F. Wyrowski, Q. Zhang, and K. M. Menten. Dec 2007. Multi-line (sub)millimetre observations of the high-mass proto cluster IRAS 05358+3543. A&A, 475 (3):925–939 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20077977
  155. S. Leurini, T. Pillai, T. Stanke, F. Wyrowski, L. Testi, F. Schuller, K. M. Menten, and S. Thorwirth. Sep 2011. The molecular distribution of the IRDC G351.77-0.51. A&A, 533:A85 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201016380
  156. Mao-Chang Liang, Alan N. Heays, Brenton R. Lewis, Stephen T. Gibson, and Yuk L. Yung. Aug 2007. Source of Nitrogen Isotope Anomaly in HCN in the Atmosphere of Titan. ApJ, 664(2): L115–L118 DOI: 10.1086/520881.
  157. Tim Lichtenberg, Gregor J. Golabek, Remo Burn, Michael R. Meyer, Yann Alibert, Taras V. Gerya, and Christoph Mordasini. Feb 2019. A water budget dichotomy of rocky protoplanets from 26Al-heating. Nature Astronomy, 3:307–313 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-018-0688-5
  158. Marco Limongi and Alessandro Chieffi. Jul 2018. Presupernova Evolution and Explosive Nucleosynthesis of Rotating Massive Stars in the Metallicity Range -3 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ 0. ApJS, 237(1):13 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aacb24
  159. D. C. Lis, A. Wootten, M. Gerin, and E. Roueff. Feb 2010. Nitrogen Isotopic Fractionation in Interstellar Ammonia. ApJ, 710(1):L49–L52 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L49
  160. Ming-Chang Liu, Marc Chaussidon, Christa Göpel, and Typhoon Lee. Apr 2012. A heterogeneous solar nebula as sampled by CM hibonite grains. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 327: 75–83 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.02.016
  161. Jean-Christophe Loison, Valentine Wakelam, and Kevin M. Hickson. Sep 2014. The interstellar gas- phase chemistry of HCN and HNC. MNRAS, 443(1):398–410 DOI: 10.1093/ mnras/stu1089
  162. Jean-Christophe Loison, Valentine Wakelam, Pierre Gratier, and Kevin M. Hickson. Apr 2019. Chemical nitrogen fractionation in dense molecular clouds. MNRAS, 484(2):2747–2756 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3293
  163. Xing Lu, Qizhou Zhang, Hauyu Baobab Liu, Junzhi Wang, and Qiusheng Gu. Aug 2014. Very Large Array Observations of Ammonia in High-mass Star Formation Regions. ApJ, 790(2):84 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/84.
  164. W. J. Maciel and R. D. D. Costa. Mar 2009. Abundance gradients in the galactic disk: Space and time variations. In Johannes Andersen, Nordströara, Birgitta m, and Joss Bland - Hawthorn, editors, The Galaxy Disk in Cosmological Context, volume 254 of IAU Sym- posium, page 38
  165. V. S. Magalhães, P. Hily-Blant, A. Faure, M. Hernand ez-Vera, and F. Lique.Jul 2018. Abundance of HCN and its C and N isotopologues in L1498. A&A, 615:A52 DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361/201832622
  166. John P. Maier, Nicholas M. Lakin, Gordon A. H. Walker, and David A. Bohlender. May 2001. Detection of C3 in Diffuse Interstellar Clouds. ApJ, 553(1):267–273 DOI: 10.1086/320668
  167. J. Manfroid, E. Jehin, D. Hutsemékers, A. Cochran, J. M. Zucconi, C. Arpigny, R. Schulz, J. A. Stüwe, and I. Ilyin. Aug 2009. The CN isotopic ratios in comets. A&A, 503(2):613–624 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200911859
  168. S. Martín, J. Martín-Pintado, C. Blanco-Sánchez, V. M. Rivilla, A. Rodríguez-Franco, and F. Rico-Villas. Nov 2019. Spectral Line Identification and Modelling (SLIM) in the MAdrid Data CUBe Analysis (MADCUBA) package: An interactive software for data cube analysis. A&A, 631, id.A159. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936144
  169. Bernard Marty, Laurent Zimmermann, and Peter G. Burnard. Jun 2009. Large scale nitrogen isotope variation in the solar system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, 73:A842
  170. Bernard Marty, Laurent Zimmermann, Peter G. Burnard, Rainer Wieler, Veronika S. Heber, Donald L. Burnett, Roger C. Wiens, and Peter Bochsler. Jan 2010. Nitrogen isotopes in the recent solar wind from the analysis of Genesis targets: Evidence for large scale isotope heterogeneity in the early solar system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74(1):340–355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.007
  171. J. S. Mathis, P. G. Mezger, and N. Panagia. Nov 1983. Interstellar radiation field and dust temperatures in the diffuse interstellar matter and in giant molecular clouds. A&A, 500:259–276
  172. D. A. McQuarrie. 1976. Statistical Mechanics. Harper & Row, New York.
  173. Anders Meibom, Alexander N. Krot, François Robert, Smail Mostefaoui, Sara S. Russell, Michael I. Petaev, and Matthieu Gounelle. Feb 2007. Nitrogen and Carbon Isotopic Composition of the Sun Inferred from a High-Temperature Solar Nebular Condensate. ApJ, 656(1): L33–L36 DOI: 10.1086/512052
  174. Roland Meier, Tobias C. Owen, David C. Jewitt, Henry E. Matthews, Matthew Senay, Nicolas Biver, Dominique Bockelee-Morvan, Jacques Crovisier, and Daniel Gautier. Mar 1998. Deuterium in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp): Detection of DCN. Science, 279:1707 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5357.1707
  175. G. Meynet and A. Maeder. Stellar evolution with rotation. Aug 2002. VIII. Models at Z = 10−5 and CNO yields for early galactic evolution. A&A, 390:561–583 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361: 20020755
  176. S. N. Milam, C. Savage, M. A. Brewster, L. M. Ziurys, and S. Wyckoff. Dec 2005. The 12C/13C Isotope Gradient Derived from Millimeter Transitions of CN: The Case for Galactic Chemical Evolution. ApJ, 634(2):1126–1132 DOI: 10.1086/497123
  177. V. Minier, R. S. Booth, and J. E. Conway. Oct 2000. VLBI observations of 6.7 and 12.2 GHz methanol masers toward high mass star-forming regions. I. Observational results: protostellar disks or outflows? A&A, 362:1093–1108
  178. C. Mininni, F. Fontani, A. Sánchez-Monge,V. M. Rivilla, M. T. Beltrán, S. Zahorecz, K. Immer, A. Giannetti, P. Caselli, L. Colzi, L. Testi, D. Elia. Jul 2021. The TOPGöt high-mass star-forming sample. I. Methyl cyanide emission as tracer of early phases of star formation. arXiv:2107.10741
  179. M. Mladenovic ́ and E. Roueff. Jun 2014. Ion-molecule reactions involving HCO+ and N2H+: Isotopologue equilibria from new theoretical calculations and consequences for interstellar isotope fractionation. A&A, 566:A144 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423733
  180. C. D. Molek, J. L. McLain, V. Poterya, and N. G. Adams. Jul 2007. A Remeasurement of the Products for Electron Recombination of N2H+Using a New Technique: No Significant NH + N Production. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 111(29):6760–6765 DOI: 10.1021/jp068965d
  181. S. Molinari, J. Brand, R. Cesaroni, and F. Palla.Apr 1996. A search for precursors of ultracompact HII regions in a sample of luminous IRAS sources. I. Association with ammonia cores. A&A, 308:573–587
  182. B. Mookerjea, G. E. Hassel, M. Gerin, T. Giesen, J. Stutzki, E. Herbst, J. H. Black, P. F. Goldsmith, K. M. Menten, J. Krełowski, M. De Luca, T. Csengeri, C. Joblin, M. Kaz ́mierczak, M. Schmidt, J. R. Goicoechea, and J. Cernicharo. Oct 2012. Chemistry of C3 and carbon chain molecules in DR21(OH). A&A, 546:A75 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219287
  183. B. Mookerjea, C. Vastel, G. E. Hassel, M. Gerin, J. Pety, P. F. Goldsmith, J. H. Black, T. Giesen, T. Harrison, C. M. Persson, and J. Stutzki. Jun 2014. Detection of a dense clump in a filament interacting with W51e2. A&A, 566:A61 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201323131
  184. A. Morbidelli, J. Chambers, J. I. Lunine, J. M. Petit, F. Robert, G. B. Valsecchi, and K. E. Cyr. Nov 2000. Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 35(6):1309–1320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x
  185. L. Moscadelli, A. Sanna, C. Goddi, M. C. Walmsley, R. Cesaroni, A. Caratti o Garatti, B. Stecklum, K. M. Menten, and A. Kraus. Apr 2017. Extended CH3OH maser flare excited by a bursting massive YSO. A&A, 600:L8 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201730659
  186. Frédérique Motte, Sylvain Bontemps, and Fabien Louvet. Sep 2018. High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way. ARA&A, 56:41–82 DOI: 10.1146/ annurev-astro-091916-055235
  187. H. S. P. Müller, S. Thorwirth, D. A. Roth, and G. Winnewisser. Apr 2001. The Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy, CDMS. A&A, 370:L49–L52 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361: 20010367
  188. Holger S. P. Müller, Frank Schlöder, Jürgen Stutzki, and Gisbert Winnewisser. May 2005. The Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy, CDMS: a useful tool for astronomers and spectroscopists. Journal of Molecular Structure, 742(1-3):215–227 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.01.027
  189. S. Muller, A. Beelen, M. Guélin, S. Aalto, J. H. Black, F. Combes, S. J. Curran, P. Theule, and S. N. Longmore. Nov 2011. Molecules at z = 0.89. A 4-mm-rest-frame absorption-line survey toward PKS 1830-211. A&A, 535:A103 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117096
  190. Norman Murray. Mar 2011. Star Formation Efficiencies and Lifetimes of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Milky Way. ApJ, 729(2):133 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/133
  191. Fumitaka Nakamura, Shuri Oyamada, Sachiko Okumura, Shun Ishii, Yoshito Shimajiri, Yoshihiro Tanabe, Takashi Tsukagoshi, Ryohei Kawabe, Mumetake Momose, Yumiko Urasawa, Ryoichi Nishi, Shen-Jun Lin, Shih-Ping Lai, Kazuhito Dobashi, Tomomi Shimoikura, and Koji Sugitani.Mar 2019. Nobeyama 45 m mapping observations toward Orion A. III. Multi-line observations toward an outflow-shocked region, Orion Molecular Cloud 2 FIR 4. PASJ, page 32 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psz001.
  192. Q. Nguyen-Lu’o’ng, F. Motte, P. Carlhoff, F. Louvet, P. Lesaffre, P. Schilke, T. Hill, M. Hennemann, A. Gusdorf, and P. Didelon. Oct 2013. Low-velocity Shocks Traced by Extended SiO Emission along the W43 Ridges: Witnessing the Formation of Young Massive Clusters. ApJ, 775(2): 88 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/88
  193. Ken’ichi Nomoto, Chiaki Kobayashi, and Nozomu Tominaga. Aug 2013. Nucleosynthesis in Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of Galaxies. ARA&A, 51(1):457–509 DOI: 10.1146/ annurev-astro-082812-140956
  194. T. Nony, F. Louvet, F. Motte, J. Molet, K. Marsh, E. Chapillon, A. Gusdorf, N. Brouillet, S. Bontemps, T. Csengeri, D. Despois, Q. Nguyen Luong, A. Duarte-Cabral, and A. Maury. Oct 2018. Detection of a high-mass prestellar core candidate in W43-MM1. A&A, 618:L5 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833863
  195. K. I. Öberg, E. F. van Dishoeck, and H. Linnartz. Mar 2009a. Photodesorption of ices I: CO, N2, and CO2. A&A, 496(1):281–293, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200810207
  196. Karin I. Öberg, Harold Linnartz, Ruud Visser, and Ewine F. van Dishoeck. Mar 2009b. Photodesorption of Ices. II. H2O and D2O. ApJ, 693(2):1209–1218, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/ 693/2/1209
  197. Takeshi Oka, Julie A. Thorburn, Benjamin J. McCall, Scott D. Friedman, Lewis M. Hobbs, Paule Sonnentrucker, Daniel E. Welty, and Donald G. York. Jan 2003. Observations of C3 in Translucent Sight Lines. ApJ, 582(2):823–829 DOI: 10.1086/344726
  198. J. Ospina-Zamudio, C. Favre, M. Kounkel, L. H. Xu, J. Neill, B. Lefloch, A. Faure, E. Bergin, D. Fedele, and L. Hartmann. Jul 2019. Deuterated methanol toward NGC 7538-IRS1. A&A, 627: A80 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834948
  199. L. Pagani, M. Salez, and P. G. Wannier. May 1992. The chemistry of H2D+ in cold clouds. A&A, 258: 479–488
  200. Aina Palau, Asunción Fuente, Josep M. Girart, Robert Estalella, Paul T. P. Ho, Álvaro Sánchez-Monge, Francesco Fontani, Gemma Busquet, Benoit Commerçon, and Patrick Hennebelle. Jan 2013. Early Stages of Cluster Formation: Fragmentation of Massive Dense Cores down to <~1000 AU. ApJ, 762(2):120 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/120
  201. E. F. Pearson, R. A. Creswell, M. Winnewisser, and G. Winnewisser. Jan 1976. The molecular structure of HNC and HCN derived from the eight stable isotopic species. Zeitschrift Naturforschung Teil A, 31:1394–1397, DOI: 10.1515/zna-1976-1119
  202. J. Pety. Dec 2005. Successes of and Challenges to GILDAS, a State-of-the-Art Radioastronomy Toolkit. In F. Casoli, T. Contini, J. M. Hameury, and L. Pagani, editors, SF2A-2005: Semaine de l’Astrophysique Francaise, page 721
  203. T. Pillai, J. Kauffmann, F. Wyrowski, J. Hatchell, A. G. Gibb, and M. A. Thompson. Jun 2011. Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. II. Fragmentation, stability, and chemistry towards high-mass star-forming regions G29.96-0.02 and G35.20-1.74. A&A, 530:A118 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015899.
  204. S. Portegies Zwart. Feb 2019. The formation of solar-system analogs in young star clusters. A&A, 622: A69 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833974
  205. C. R. Purcell, R. Balasubramanyam, M. G. Burton, A. J. Walsh, V. Minier, M. R. Hunt-Cunningham, L. L. Kedziora-Chudczer, S. N. Longmore, T. Hill, I. Bains, P. J. Barnes, A. L. Busfield, P. Calisse, N. H. M. Crighton, S. J. Curran, T. M. Davis, J. T. Dempsey, G. Derragopian, B. Fulton, M. G. Hidas, M. G. Hoare, J. K. Lee, E. F. Ladd, S. L. Lumsden, T. J. T. Moore, M. T. Murphy, R. D. Oudmaijer, M. B. Pracy, J. Rathborne, S. Robertson, A. S. B. Schultz, J. Shobbrook, P. A. Sparks, J. Storey, and T. Travouillion. Apr 2006. A CH3CN and HCO+ survey towards southern methanol masers associated with star formation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 367(2):553–576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09921.x
  206. Sarah E. Ragan, Edwin A. Bergin, and Robert A. Gutermuth. Jun 2009. Detection of Structure in Infrared-Dark Clouds with Spitzer: Characterizing Star Formation in the Molecular Ring. ApJ, 698(1):324–349 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/324
  207. J. M. Rathborne, J. M. Jackson, and R. Simon. Apr 2006. Infrared Dark Clouds: Precursors to Star Clusters. ApJ, 641(1):389–405 DOI: 10.1086/500423
  208. E. Redaelli, L. Bizzocchi, P. Caselli, J. Harju, A. Chacón-Tanarro, E. Leonardo, and L. Dore. Sep 2018. 14N/15N ratio measurements in prestellar cores with N2H+: new evidence of 15N- antifractionation. A&A, 617:A7 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833065
  209. Elena Redaelli, Luca Bizzocchi, Paola Caselli, Olli Sipilä, Valerio Lattanzi, Barbara Michela Giuliano, and Silvia Spezzano. Sep 2019. High sensitivity maps of molecular ions in L1544: I. Deuteration of N2H+ and HCO+ and first evidence of N2D+ depletion. A&A, 629, id.A15. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935314
  210. M. J. Reid, K. M. Menten, A. Brunthaler, X. W. Zheng, T. M. Dame, Y. Xu, Y. Wu, B. Zhang, A. Sanna, M. Sato, K. Hachisuka, Y. K. Choi, K. Immer, L. Moscadelli, K. L. J. Rygl, and A. Bartkiewicz. Mar 2014. Trigonometric Parallaxes of High Mass Star Forming Regions: The Structure and Kinematics of the Milky Way. ApJ, 783(2):130 DOI: 10.1088/ 0004-637X/783/2/130
  211. Michael A. Reid and Brenda C. Matthews. Mar 2008. Deconstructing the High-Mass Star-Forming Region IRAS 23033+5951. ApJ, 675(2):1343–1351 DOI: 10.1086/527408
  212. Laurent Remusat, François Robert, Anders Meibom, Smail Mostefaoui, Olivier Delpoux, Laurent Binet, Didier Gourier, and Sylvie Derenne. Jun 2009. Proto-Planetary Disk Chemistry Recorded by D-Rich Organic Radicals in Carbonaceous Chondrites. ApJ, 698(2):2087– 2092 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/2087
  213. Claire Rist, Alexandre Faure, Pierre Hily-Blant, and Romane Le Gal. Oct 2013. Nuclear-Spin Selection Rules in the Chemistry of Interstellar Nitrogen Hydrides. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 117(39):9800–9806 DOI: 10.1021/jp312640a
  214. V. M. Rivilla, F. Fontani, M. T. Beltrán, A. Vasyunin, P. Caselli, J. Martín-Pintado, and R. Cesaroni. Aug 2016. The First Detections of the Key Prebiotic Molecule PO in Star-forming Regions. The Astrophysical Journal, 826(2):161 DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/161
  215. V. M. Rivilla, M. T. Beltrán, R. Cesaroni, F. Fontani, C. Codella, and Q. Zhang. Feb 2017. Formation of ethylene glycol and other complex organic molecules in star-forming regions. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 598:A59 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628373
  216. François Robert. Apr 2003. The D/H Ratio in Chondrites. Space Sci. Rev., 106(1):87–101 DOI: 10.1023/A:1024629402715
  217. S. D. Rodgers and S. B. Charnley. Mar 2008. Nitrogen superfractionation in dense cloud cores. MNRAS, 385(1):L48–L52 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00431.x
  218. S. D. Rodgers and S. B. Charnley. Dec 2008. Nitrogen Isotopic Fractionation of Interstellar Nitriles. ApJ, 689(2):1448–1455 DOI: 10.1086/592195
  219. M. Röllig and V. Ossenkopf. Feb 2013. Carbon fractionation in photo-dissociation regions. A&A, 550: A56 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201220130
  220. D. Romano, F. Matteucci, Z. Y. Zhang, P. P. Papadopoulos, and R. J. Ivison. Sep 2017. The evolution of CNO isotopes: a new window on cosmic star formation history and the stellar IMF in the age of ALMA. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 470(1):401–415 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1197
  221. Donatella Romano and Francesca Matteucci. Jun 2003. Nova nucleosynthesis and Galactic evolution of the CNO isotopes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 342(1):185–198 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06526.x
  222. Donatella Romano, Francesca Matteucci, Zhi-Yu Zhang, Rob J. Ivison, and Paolo Ventura. Dec 2019. The evolution of CNO isotopes: the impact of massive stellar rotators. MNRAS, 490, p.2838-2854 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2741
  223. E. Roueff, P. Felenbok, J. H. Black, and C. Gry. Mar 2002. Interstellar C3 toward HD 210121. A&A, 384: 629–637 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020067
  224. E. Roueff, D. C. Lis, F. F. S. van der Tak, M. Gerin, and P. F. Goldsmith. Aug 2005. Interstellar deuterated ammonia: from NH3 to ND_3. A&A, 438(2):585–598 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361: 20052724
  225. E. Roueff, J. C. Loison, and K. M. Hickson. Apr 2015. Isotopic fractionation of carbon, deuterium, and nitrogen: a full chemical study. A&A, 576:A99 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 201425113
  226. D. P. Ruffle, T. W. Hartquist, S. D. Taylor, and D. A. Williams. Oct 1997. Cyanopolyynes as indicators of late-time chemistry and depletion in star-forming regions. MNRAS, 291(1):235–240 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/291.1.235.
  227. Deborah P. Ruffle and Eric Herbst.Dec 2000. New models of interstellar gas-grain chemistry - I. Surface diffusion rates. MNRAS, 319(3):837–850 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03911.x
  228. G. Sabatini, A. Giannetti, S. Bovino, J. Brand, S. Leurini, E. Schisano, T. Pillai, and K. M. Menten. Dec 2019. On the size of the CO-depletion radius in the IRDC G351.77-0.51. MNRAS, 490 (4):4489–4501 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2818
  229. N. Sakai, O. Saruwatari, T. Sakai, S. Takano, and S. Yamamoto. Mar 2010. Abundance anomaly of the 13C species of CCH. A&A, 512:A31 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200913098
  230. Takeshi Sakai, Nami Sakai, Kenji Furuya, Yuri Aikawa, Tomoya Hirota, and Satoshi Yamamoto. Mar 2012. DNC/HNC Ratio of Massive Clumps in Early Evolutionary Stages of High-mass Star Formation. ApJ, 747(2):140 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/140
  231. A. Sanna, L. Moscadelli, C. Goddi, V. Krishnan, and F. Massi. Nov 2018. Protostellar Outflows at the EarliesT Stages (POETS). I. Radio thermal jets at high resolution nearby H2O maser sources. A&A, 619:A107 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833573
  232. P. Schilke, C. M. Walmsley, G. Pineau Des Forets, E. Roueff, D. R. Flower, and S. Guilloteau. Mar 1992. A study of HCN, HNC and their isotopometers in OMC-1. I. Abundances and chemistry. A&A, 256:595–612
  233. J. H. M. M. Schmitt and J. U. Ness. Jun 2002. Carbon and nitrogen abundances in the coronae of Algol B and other evolved stars: Evidence for CNO-cycle processed material. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 388:L13–L16 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020558
  234. N. Schneider, T. Csengeri, S. Bontemps, F. Motte, R. Simon, P. Hennebelle, C. Federrath, and R. Klessen. Sep 2010. Dynamic star formation in the massive DR21 filament. A&A, 520:A49 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014481
  235. Benjamin Schröder and Peter Sebald. Jan 2016. High-level theoretical rovibrational spectroscopy beyond fc-CCSD(T): The C3 molecule. J. Chem. Phys., 144(4):044307 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940780
  236. D. Semenov, F. Hersant, V. Wakelam, A. Dutrey, E. Chapillon, S. Guilloteau, T. Henning, R. Launhardt, V. Piétu, and K. Schreyer. Nov 2010. Chemistry in disks. IV. Benchmarking gas- grain chemical models with surface reactions. A&A, 522:A42 DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361/201015149
  237. Frank Shu, Joan Najita, Daniele Galli, Eve Ostriker, and Susana Lizano. Jan 1993. The Collapse of Clouds and the Formation and Evolution of Stars and Disks. In Eugene H. Levy and Jonathan I. Lunine, editors, Protostars and Planets III, page 3
  238. Frank H. Shu. Jan 1991. The Formation of Low Mass Stars: Theory. In Charles J. Lada and Nikolaos D. Kylafis, editors, NATO Advanced Science Institutes (ASI) Series C, volume 342, page 365
  239. Frank H. Shu, Fred C. Adams, and Susana Lizano. Jan 1987. Star formation in molecular clouds: observation and theory. ARA&A, 25:23–81 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.000323
  240. O. Sipilä, P. Caselli, and J. Harju. Jun 2013. HD depletion in starless cores. A&A, 554:A92 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201220922
  241. O. Sipilä, P. Caselli, and J. Harju. Jun 2015a. Benchmarking spin-state chemistry in starless core models. A&A, 578:A55 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201424364
  242. O. Sipilä, J. Harju, P. Caselli, and S. Schlemmer. Sep 2015b. Spin-state chemistry of deuterated ammonia. A&A, 581:A122 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526468
  243. O. Sipilä, P. Caselli, E. Redaelli, M. Juvela, and L. Bizzocchi. Jul 2019. Why does ammonia not freeze out in the centre of pre-stellar cores? MNRAS, 487(1):1269–1282 DOI: 10.1093/ mnras/stz1344
  244. Olli Sipilä. Studies of the chemistry and physics of starless and prestellar cores. 2013. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki
  245. D. Smith and N. G. Adams. Nov 1980. Laboratory studies of isotope fractionation in the reactions of C/+/ and HCO/+/ with CO - Interstellar implications. ApJ, 242:424–431 DOI: 10.1086/158476
  246. Ronald L. Snell, Robert L. Dickman, and Y. L. Huang. Mar 1990. Molecular Outflows Associated with a Flux-limited Sample of Bright Far-Infrared Sources. ApJ, 352:139 DOI: 10.1086/168521
  247. T. K. Sridharan, H. Beuther, P. Schilke, K. M. Menten, and F. Wyrowski. Feb 2002. High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. I. The Sample and Initial Results. ApJ, 566(2):931–944 DOI: 10.1086/338332
  248. László Szu ̋cs, Simon C. O. Glover, and Ralf S. Klessen. Dec 2014. The 12CO/13CO ratio in turbulent molecular clouds. MNRAS, 445(4):4055–4072 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu2013
  249. M. Tafalla, P. C. Myers, P. Caselli, and C. M. Walmsley. Mar 2004. On the internal structure of starless cores. I. Physical conditions and the distribution of CO, CS, N2H+, and NH3 in L1498 and L1517B. A&A, 416:191–212 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20031704
  250. J. C. Tan, M. T. Beltrán, P. Caselli, F. Fontani, A. Fuente, M. R. Krumholz, C. F. McKee, and A. Stolte. Jan 2014. Massive Star Formation. In Henrik Beuther, Ralf S. Klessen, Cornelis P. Dullemond, and Thomas Henning, editors, Protostars and Planets VI, page 149 DOI: 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch007
  251. Jonathan C. Tan, Mengyao Liu, James De Buizer, Yichen Zhang, Viviana Rosero, Kei Tanaka, Yara Yousef, Maria T. Beltrán, and Joshua Marvil. Jan 2019. The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey - Latest Results. In American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #233, volume 233 of American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, page 208.01
  252. Kotomi Taniguchi, Eric Herbst, Hiroyuki Ozeki, and Masao Saito. Oct 2019. Investigation of 13C Isotopic Fractionation of CCH in Two Starless Cores: L1521B and L134N. ApJ, 884, article id. 167 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3eb8
  253. V. Taquet, C. Ceccarelli, and C. Kahane. Mar 2012. Formaldehyde and Methanol Deuteration in Protostars: Fossils from a Past Fast High-density Pre-collapse Phase. ApJ, 748(1):L3 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/748/1/L3
  254. V. Taquet, K. Furuya, C. Walsh, and E. F. van Dishoeck. Nov 2016. A primordial origin for molecular oxygen in comets: a chemical kinetics study of the formation and survival of O2 ice from clouds to discs. MNRAS, 462:S99–S115 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw2176
  255. Vianney Taquet, Steven B. Charnley, and Olli Sipilä. Aug 2014. Multilayer Formation and Evaporation of Deuterated Ices in Prestellar and Protostellar Cores. ApJ, 791(1):1 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/1
  256. R. Terzieva and Eric Herbst. Sep 2000. The possibility of nitrogen isotopic fractionation in interstellar clouds. MNRAS, 317(3):563–568 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03618.x
  257. D. Teyssier, P. Hennebelle, and M. Pérault. Feb 2002. Radio-millimetre investigation of galactic infrared dark clouds. A&A, 382:624–638 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011646
  258. A. G. G. M. Tielens. 2005. The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium.
  259. F. F. S. van der Tak, H. S. P. Müller, M. E. Harding, and J. Gauss. Nov 2009. Hyperfine structure in the J = 1-0 transitions of DCO+ˆ, DNC, and HN13C: astronomical observations and quantum-chemical calculations. A&A, 507(1):347–354 DOI: 10.1051/ 0004-6361/200912912
  260. Ewine F. van Dishoeck and John H. Black. Nov 1988. The Photodissociation and Chemistry of Interstellar CO. ApJ, 334:771 DOI: 10.1086/166877
  261. Elishevah M. M. E. van Kooten, Kazuhide Nagashima, Takeshi Kasama, Susanne F. Wampfler, Jon P. Ramsey, Søren Frimann, Zoltan I. Balogh, Martin Schiller, Daniel P. Wielandt, and Ian A. Franchi. May 2017. A divergent heritage for complex organics in Isheyevo lithic clasts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 205:119–148 DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2017.02.002
  262. C. Vastel, T. G. Phillips, and H. Yoshida. May 2004. Detection of D2H+ in the Dense Interstellar Medium. ApJ, 606(2):L127–L130 DOI: 10.1086/421265
  263. C. Vastel, C. Ceccarelli, B. Lefloch, and R. Bachiller. Nov 2014. The Origin of Complex Organic Molecules in Prestellar Cores. ApJ, 795(1):L2 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/795/ 1/L2
  264. A. I. Vasyunin, P. Caselli, F. Dulieu, and I. Jiménez-Serra. Jun 2017. Formation of Complex Molecules in Prestellar Cores: A Multilayer Approach. ApJ, 842(1):33 DOI: 10.3847/ 1538-4357/aa72ec
  265. G. L. Villanueva, M. J. Mumma, B. P. Bonev, M. A. Di Santi, E. L. Gibb, H. Böhnhardt, and M. Lippi. Jan 2009. A Sensitive Search for Deuterated Water in Comet 8p/Tuttle. ApJ, 690(1):L5–L9 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L5
  266. R. Visser, E. F. van Dishoeck, and J. H. Black. Aug 2009. The photodissociation and chemistry of CO isotopologues: applications to interstellar clouds and circumstellar disks. A&A, 503(2): 323–343 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200912129
  267. Ruud Visser, Simon Bruderer, Paolo Cazzoletti, Stefano Facchini, Alan N. Heays, and Ewine F. van Dishoeck. Jul 2018. Nitrogen isotope fractionation in protoplanetary disks. A&A, 615:A75 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731898
  268. Serena Viti, Francesco Fontani, Izaskun Jiménez-Serra, and Jonathan Holdship. Jul 2019. Nitrogen fractionation in external galaxies. MNRAS, 486(4):4805–4812 DOI: 10.1093/ mnras/stz1172
  269. V. Wakelam, J. C. Loison, E. Herbst, D. Talbi, D. Quan, and F. Caralp. Feb 2009. A sensitivity study of the neutral-neutral reactions C + C{3} and C + C{5} in cold dense interstellar clouds. A&A, 495(2):513–521 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:200810967
  270. V. Wakelam, E. Herbst, J. C. Loison, I. W. M. Smith, V. Chandrasekaran, B. Pavone, N. G. Adams, M. C. Bacchus-Montabonel, A. Bergeat, K. Béroff, V. M. Bierbaum, M. Chabot, A. Dalgarno, E. F. van Dishoeck, A. Faure, W. D. Geppert, D. Gerlich, D. Galli, E. Hébrard, F. Hersant, K. M. Hickson, P. Honvault, S. J. Klippenstein, S. Le Picard, G. Nyman, P. Pernot, S. Schlemmer, F. Selsis, I. R. Sims, D. Talbi, J. Tennyson, J. Troe, R. Wester, and L. Wiesenfeld. Mar 2012. A KInetic Database for Astrochemistry (KIDA). ApJS, 199(1):21 DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/21
  271. V. Wakelam, I. W. M. Smith, J. C. Loison, D. Talbi, S. J. Klippenstein, A. Bergeat, W. D. Geppert, and K. M. Hickson. Oct 2013. Review of important reactions for the nitrogen chemistry in the interstellar medium. arXiv e-prints, art. arXiv:1310.4350
  272. V. Wakelam, J. C. Loison, E. Herbst, B. Pavone, A. Bergeat, K. Béroff, M. Chabot, A. Faure, D. Galli, W. D. Geppert, D. Gerlich, P. Gratier, N. Harada, K. M. Hickson, P. Honvault, S. J. Klippenstein, S. D. Le Picard, G. Nyman, M. Ruaud, S. Schlemmer, I. R. Sims, D. Talbi, J. Tennyson, and R. Wester. Apr 2015. The 2014 KIDA Network for Interstellar Chemistry. ApJS, 217 (2):20 DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/20
  273. S. H. J. Wallström, S. Muller, and M. Guélin. Nov 2016. Isotopic ratios at z = 0.68 from molecular absorption lines toward B 0218+357. A&A, 595:A96 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/ 201628615
  274. C. M. Walmsley, D. R. Flower, and G. Pineau des Forêts. May 2004. Complete depletion in prestellar cores. A&A, 418:1035–1043 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20035718
  275. S. F. Wampfler, J. K. Jørgensen, M. Bizzarro, and S. E. Bisschop. Dec 2014. Observations of nitrogen isotope fractionation in deeply embedded protostars. A&A, 572:A24 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423773
  276. Junzhi Wang, Zhi-Yu Zhang, Jianjie Qiu, Yong Shi, Jiangshui Zhang, and Min Fang. Nov 2014. Isotopologues of Dense Gas Tracers in NGC 1068. ApJ, 796(1):57 DOI: 10.1088/ 0004-637X/796/1/57
  277. D. Ward-Thompson, F. Motte, and P. Andre. May 1999. The initial conditions of isolated star formation - III. Millimetre continuum mapping of pre-stellar cores. MNRAS, 305(1):143–150 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02412.x
  278. W. D. Watson, V. G. Anicich, and Jr. Huntress, W. T. May 1976. Measurement and significance of the reaction 13C++12CO -> 12C++13CO for alteration of the 13C/12C ratio in interstellar molecules. ApJ, 205:L165–L168 DOI: 10.1086/182115
  279. J. P. Williams, L. Blitz, and C. F. McKee. May 2000. The Structure and Evolution of Molecular Clouds: from Clumps to Cores to the IMF. In V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, and S. S. Russell, editors, Protostars and Planets IV, page 97
  280. T. L. Wilson and R. Rood. Jan 1994. Abundances in the Interstellar Medium. ARA&A, 32:191–226 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001203
  281. E. S. Wirström and S. B. Charnley. Mar 2018. Revised models of interstellar nitrogen isotopic fractionation. MNRAS, 474(3):3720–3726 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx3030
  282. Eva S. Wirström, Steven B. Charnley, Martin A. Cordiner, and Stefanie N. Milam. Sep 2012. Isotopic Anomalies in Primitive Solar System Matter: Spin-state-dependent Fractionation of Nitrogen and Deuterium in Interstellar Clouds. ApJ, 757(1):L11 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/757/1/L11
  283. Mark G. Wolfire and Joseph P. Cassinelli.Aug 1987. Conditions for the Formation of Massive Stars. ApJ, 319:850 DOI: 10.1086/165503
  284. David E. Woon and Eric Herbst. Dec 2009. Quantum Chemical Predictions of the Properties of Known and Postulated Neutral Interstellar Molecules. ApJS, 185(2):273–288 DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/185/2/273
  285. J. G. A. Wouterloot, J. Brand, and K. Fiegle. May 1993. IRAS sources beyond the solar circle. III. Observations of H2O, OH, CH3OH and CO. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 98: 589–636
  286. J. G. A. Wouterloot, C. Henkel, J. Brand, and G. R. Davis. Aug 2008. Galactic interstellar 18O/17O ratios - a radial gradient?, A&A, 487(1):237–246 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361: 20078156
  287. Satoshi Yamamoto. 2017. Introduction to Astrochemistry: Chemical Evolution from Interstellar Clouds to Star and Planet Formation. DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54171-4
  288. Y. T. Yan, J. S. Zhang, C. Henkel, T. Mufakharov, L. W. Jia, X. D. Tang, Y. J. Wu, J. Li, Z. A. Zeng, Y. X. Wang, Y. Q. Li, J. Huang, and J. M. Jian. Jun 2019. A Systematic TMRT Observational Study of Galactic 12C/13C Ratios from Formaldehyde. ApJ, 877(2):154 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab17d6
  289. H. W. Yorke. Sep 2004. Theory of Formation of Massive Stars via Accretion. In Michael G. Burton, Ray Jayawardhana, and Tyler L. Bourke, editors, Star Formation at High Angular Resolution, volume 221 of IAU Symposium, page 141
  290. Edward D. Young, Matthieu Gounelle, Rachel L. Smith, Mark R. Morris, and Klaus M. Pontoppidan. Mar 2011. Astronomical Oxygen Isotopic Evidence for Supernova Enrichment of the Solar System Birth Environment by Propagating Star Formation. ApJ, 729(1):43 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/43
  291. Luis A. Zapata, Laurent Loinard, Luis F. Rodríguez, Vicente Hernández-Hernández, Satoko Takahashi, Alfonso Trejo, and Bérengère Parise. Feb 2013. ALMA 690 GHz Observations of IRAS 16293-2422B: Infall in a Highly Optically Thick Disk. The Astrophysical Journal, 764(1): L14 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/764/1/L14
  292. S. Zeng, I. Jiménez-Serra, G. Cosentino, S. Viti, A. T. Barnes, J. D. Henshaw, P. Caselli, F. Fontani, and P. Hily-Blant. Jul 2017. 15N fractionation in infrared-dark cloud cores. A&A, 603: A22, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201630210
  293. Qizhou Zhang, Todd R. Hunter, T. K. Sridharan, and Paul T. P. Ho. Feb 2002. A Disk/Jet System toward the High-Mass Young Star in AFGL 5142. ApJ, 566(2):982–992 DOI: 10.1086/ 338278
  294. Xiao-Niu Zhang, De-Heng Shi, Jin-Feng Sun, and Zun-Lue Zhu. Apr 2011. MRCI study of spectroscopic and molecular properties of X1Σ+g and A1Πu electronic states of the C2 radical. Chinese Physics B, 20(4):043105 DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/4/043105
  295. Hans Zinnecker and Harold W. Yorke. Sep 2007. Toward Understanding Massive Star Formation. ARA&A, 45(1):481–563 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092549.
PDF
  • Publication Year: 2021
  • Pages: 230
  • eISBN: 978-88-5518-380-2
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2021 Author(s)

XML
  • Publication Year: 2021
  • Pages: 230
  • eISBN: 978-88-5518-381-9
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2021 Author(s)

PRINT
  • Publication Year: 2021
  • Pages: 230
  • ISBN: 978-88-5518-379-6
  • Content License: CC BY 4.0
  • © 2021 Author(s)

Bibliographic Information

Book Title

Isotopic fractionation study towards massive star-forming regions across the Galaxy

Authors

Laura Colzi

Peer Reviewed

Number of Pages

230

Publication Year

2021

Copyright Information

© 2021 Author(s)

Content License

CC BY 4.0

Metadata License

CC0 1.0

Publisher Name

Firenze University Press

DOI

10.36253/978-88-5518-380-2

ISBN Print

978-88-5518-379-6

eISBN (pdf)

978-88-5518-380-2

eISBN (xml)

978-88-5518-381-9

Series Title

Premio Tesi di Dottorato

Series ISSN

2612-8039

Series E-ISSN

2612-8020

354

Fulltext
downloads

785

Views

Search in This Book
Export Citation
Suggested Books

1,329

Open Access Books

in the Catalogue

2,077

Book Chapters

3,687,987

Fulltext
downloads

4,287

Authors

from 902 Research Institutions

of 65 Nations

65

scientific boards

from 347 Research Institutions

of 43 Nations

1,244

Referees

from 378 Research Institutions

of 38 Nations